Terms : Hide Images
| 122372680 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on 2nd voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries | 0 | |
| 122372681 | Encomienda | grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in central and South America; basis for eariliest form of forced labor | 1 | |
| 122372682 | Encomendero | holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor | 2 | |
| 122372683 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population of Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights | 3 | |
| 122372684 | Hernan Cortes | Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan | 4 | |
| 122372685 | Montezuma II | Last independant Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes's conquest of TEnochtitlan | 5 | |
| 122372686 | Franciso Vazquez de Cornado | Searched for the mythical cities of gold; penetrated as far as Mexico | 6 | |
| 122372687 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and est. city of SAntiago in 1541 | 7 | |
| 122372688 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in AMerican silver production; linked with potosi | 8 | |
| 122372689 | Haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; prodiced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy | 9 | |
| 122372690 | Galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World | 10 | |
| 122372691 | Treaty of Todesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of posession in New World, reserved Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain | 11 | |
| 122372692 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 12 | |
| 122372693 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian Port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763 | 13 | |
| 122372694 | Peninsulares | People living in New World Spainish colonies but born in Spain | 14 | |
| 122372695 | Creoles | Whites born in New World; dominated local Latin American economics; ranked just beneath peninsulares | 15 | |
| 122372696 | Amigos del pais | Clubs and asociations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform | 16 | |
| 122372697 | The war of Spanish Succession | REsulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recgonition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial right to England and France | 17 | |
| 122372698 | Charles III | Spanish enlightened monarch, ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its Empire | 18 | |
| 122372699 | The Bourbon Reforms | Provided better administration and defense to the growing populations in New Spain | 19 | |
| 122372700 | Jose de Galvez | Spanish minister of the West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendents for local governments | 20 | |
| 122372701 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazil; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and est. monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy | 21 | |
| 122372702 | Comunero Revolt | One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in the New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels | 22 | |
| 122372703 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually falled because of creole fears of real social revolution | 23 | |
| 122372704 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille | monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World | 24 | |
| 122372705 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs. | 25 | |
| 122372706 | Caribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | 26 | |
| 122372707 | sociedad de castas | American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle | 27 | |
| 122372708 | viceroyalties | two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in mexico City; direct representatives of the king | 28 | |
| 122372709 | audiencia | Royal court of appeals established in Spanish colonies of New world; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates | 29 | |
| 122372710 | capitaincies | strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony | 30 | |
| 122372711 | Columbian exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in new World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to new World, animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transfered | 31 | |
| 122372712 | Poto's | Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver | 32 | |
| 122372713 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan | 33 | |
| 122372714 | letrados | University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New WOrld, juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy, exercised nth legislative and administrative functions | 34 | |
| 122372715 | Sor Juana Inzs e la Cruz | Author, poet and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters | 35 | |
| 122372716 | Minas Gerais | region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush | 36 | |
| 122372717 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World | 37 | |
| 122372718 | Recopilaci-n | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies | 38 | |
| 122372719 | consulado | Merchant huild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. | 39 | |
| 122372720 | Paulistas | Backwoodsmen from So Paulo in Brazil ; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metal during 17th century | 40 |
