for mr smart's period 6
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| 81753613 | Paleolithic Age | Also known as the "stone age" , the first 2 million plus years during which our species has existed . During this time period, humans have tamed fire and acquired the ability of making and using tools and would hunt for food or gather fruits and berries. ( before agriculture) page7 | 0 | |
| 81753614 | Homo erectus | One of the earliest forms of humans, first found during the Paleolithic age, who has an erect ( upright ) stature and bigger brain capacity which allowed better tool use. They developed and spread in Africa, Asia, and Europe. page8 | 1 | |
| 81753615 | Homo sapiens sapiens | A more advanced type of humans than the homo erectus, but also originated in Africa about 120,000 years ago during the late Paleolithic ages. All modern humans to day are decendents of the homo sapien sapiens. page8 | 2 | |
| 81753616 | Mesolithic Age | Also known as the "Middle Stone Age" is around 12,000 to 8000 BCE in which human ability to fashion stone tools and other implements and fishing improved. Creation of pots and baskets for storage and even the domestication of animals have appeared. However, the growth in population lead to more disputes and violence among humans. page10 | 3 | |
| 81753617 | Neolithic Age | Also known as the "New Stone" age and also the final stone age in which humans have better tool use, somewhat elaborate social organization, and most importantly, the invention of agriculture, which foreshadowed the creation of civilization. (10,000 - 4000 BCE) page10 | 4 | |
| 81753618 | Neolithic Revolution | Describing the invention of agriculture, which changed the old hunting and gathering traditions with crop cultivation and the domestication of animals. Though some resisted the idea at first, but gave in for agriculture can supply much more food. page11 | 5 | |
| 81753619 | Hunting and Gathering | The earliest form of supplying food for humans was hunting animals and collecting fruits and berries from their surroundings. Because food had to be sought out, the spread of humans increased greatly. page11 | 6 | |
| 81753620 | Bronze Age | Originating in the middle east, the creation of metalworking made new and useful tools made of copper, then developed them out of iron several years later. This was meant to replace tools made of stone, wood, and bones. page13 | 7 | |
| 81753621 | Civilization | A society with a highly developed social and cultural organization. page13 | 8 | |
| 81753622 | Slash and Burn Agriculture | The combination of a nomadic life style and a somewhat moderate level of acceptance for agriculture. A system in which people would burn trees in an area, farm intensively for a few years until the soil is depleted and move onto another piece of land, ready to bleed it dry of any nutrients. page13 | 9 | |
| 81753623 | Catal Hyuk | A Neolithic village in southern Turkey founded in 7000BCE that is one of the most early examples of civilization, unusually large with houses made mud bricks set in timber frameworks with few windows and lavishly decorated with images of hunting and religion. page14 | 10 | |
| 81753624 | Cuneiform | An early form of writing based on wedge like characters in the middle east around 3500BCE. page15 | 11 | |
| 81753625 | Barbarian | The word given by the ancient Greeks for primitive nomads, they were prone to regard all non-Greeks as Barbarians. page 15 | 12 | |
| 81753626 | Nomads | Groups of vagrant people who do not settle, instead they roam freely from land to land and though they are coined the word "barbarians" they learn much about agriculture and other useful skills from the people and villages they encountered. They are greatly responsible for passing on various useful ideas and skills that improve the lifestyle of many groups of settling people. page 15 | 13 | |
| 81753627 | Mesopotamia | the first civilization founded that is developed completely from scratch with no example from anyplace to imitate. Mesopotamia is a term meaning between the two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates river, which aided their farming by providing irrigation . The people in this civilization had metal, the wheel for transportation, pottery, and artistic forms. It also had a considerable coordination in action among communities that is the basis for complex political structures. page 16 | 14 | |
| 81753628 | Sumerians | invaders of the Mesopotamia who had invented a cuneiform alphabet and showed potential for science and mathematics (because of their interest in astronomy, constellations, the calendar, calculating weather, and developing a number system.) and are very religious and adopted silver as a form of currency. | 15 | |
| 81753629 | Sumerian Alphabet | A series of pictures to represent different things but soon shifted to geometrics shapes to represent spoken sounds and changed from 2000 symbols to 300. Only a small minority of the people were literate. page17 | 16 | |
| 81753630 | Ziggurats | Massive tower-like temples operated by professional priests made by the Sumerians to please and honor their Gods as part of their complex religious rituals, which also included polytheism, page 18 | 17 | |
| 81753631 | Polytheism | The worship of belief in more than one deity, such as the Sumerians seeing gods in many aspects of nature. page 18 | 18 | |
| 81753632 | City - State | A single sovereign area surrounded by many smaller ones dependent on its sovereignty. Used in a Sumerian political structure, ruled by a king who claimed divine authority, a military force, tradition of slavery, laws, and a clear division between classes. page 19 | 19 | |
| 81753633 | Akkadians | The Sumerian region was hard to defend and vulnerable to invaders, the Akkadians who took over the Mesopotamia, took it for themselves but still continued the Sumerian culture. page 19 | 20 | |
| 81753634 | Babylonians | The second to invade the Sumerian region, the Babylonians who conquered the Akkadians. Babylonians extended their civilization towards many other parts of the middle east. page 19 | 21 | |
| 81753635 | Hammurabi | King of the Babylonians who introduced the most famous code of law, The Hammurabi Code. page19 | 22 | |
| 81753636 | Pyramids | Splendid built tombs made for pharaohs of the Egyptian civilization from 2700 BCE onward. page20 | 23 | |
| 81753637 | Pharaoh | Ancient Egyptian ruler of the Egyptian civilization. page20 | 24 | |
| 81753638 | Kush | A kingdom near the Egyptian Civilization, who was one of the many that invaded the it, but succeeded and caused the Egyptian civilization to decline. page20 | 25 | |
| 81753639 | Egyptian Civilization | Before falling to the Kush, the Egyptian civilization was a northern African civilization along the Nile River formed by 3000 BCE and had undergone a series of invasions. The people are ruled by a pharaoh and had a writing system, and astronomical knowledge, though not as elaborate as the Mesopotamians, they had a better understanding of mathematics which separated each day to be 24 hours long and had great developments in art. Page20 | 26 | |
| 81753640 | Indus River | A river that supported civilization of many cities during 2500BCE, mainly the Harappa and the Mohenjo Daro whose houses even had running water. page21 | 27 | |
| 81753641 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Cities that lie along and are supported by the Indus River. Though they have trading contacts with Mesopotamia, these people have developed a distinctive alphabet and artistic forms of their own. Various infiltrations and natural calamities made the confidence of their culture and nature hard to decipher through their writing. Part of their culture had beeen reinvented by Indo-European migrants who have combined ideas of both the groups. page21 | 28 | |
| 81753642 | Huanghe (Yellow River) | In china, this river supported it people with water for irrigation and the civilization was prone of flooding . The people of the Huanghe civilization lived in isolation with the exception of trading contact with India and the middle east, but they have and elaborate concept of their remote origins and are capable of horse riding, pottery, metal making, art, understanding science, and have developed their own writing. Page 22 | 29 | |
| 81753643 | Ideogram | A symbol or marking belonging to a letter system which represents a word, used in Chinese and Japanese alphabets. page22 | 30 | |
| 81753644 | Chichimecs | Meaning "sons of the dogs" the name coined by the Chinese to the barbarous and uncivilized invaders of the Huanghe civilization. page23 | 31 | |
| 81753645 | Phoenicians | A group of people who around 1300 BCE had created a simplified alphabet of only 22 letters that influenced and improved Greek and Latin alphabets and the Egyptian numbering system with its creation. page 25 | 32 | |
| 81753646 | Monotheism | The belief that there is only one God. page27 | 33 | |
| 81753647 | Shang | Kings that ruled the civilization of the Huanghe Valley and during their time, had instructed the creation of great tombs and palaces. From 1766 -1027 BC | 34 | |
| 81753648 | Jews and Judaism | From the Middles East, they spreaded and developed the first ideas of monotheism, which became extremely influential to the people in the middle east. page 27 | 35 | |
| 81753649 | Patriarchy | early form of government in which males play a superior role over women and dominate in matters such as politics, authority, and family. | 36 |
