WHAP Unit 3: Early-Modern Era Terms
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| 253177182 | Leonardo da Vinci | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 0 | |
| 253177183 | Nicolo Machiavelli | WHO: Florentine Italian WHAT: Wrote "The Prince" WHEN: 1513 WHERE: Italy WHY: Wrote a guide to ruling as a prince. Better to be feared than loved. | 1 | |
| 253177184 | Johannes Gutenberg | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 2 | |
| 253177185 | Martin Luther | WHO: German Monk WHAT: Posted 95 theses against the Catholic church claiming that Monasticism is wrong and that more emphasis should be placed on individual worship and actions, not the church and the Latin bible. Effectively caused another Schism as the Protestant religion was put into play. WHEN: 1517 WHERE: Holy Roman Empire WHY: Protestant religion formed, Catholic church lost power, more people had rights and better lives as they could focus more on themselves and their profits. Other languages translated, so now other nationalities could worship. | 3 | |
| 253177186 | Henry VIII | WHO: English King WHAT: Created Anglican Church (type of Protestant religion) so he could divorce his wife and actually have kids. WHEN: 1534 WHERE: England WHY: Protestant power. | 4 | |
| 253177187 | Copernicus | WHO: Europe WHAT: Heliocentric theory (Earth revolves around the sun), new thinking, proved Greeks. Could have copied Muslim, Chinese, Indian, Mayan empires. WHEN: 1400s-1500s WHERE: Europe WHY: New ideas of solar system, continues the scientific revolution = weakens church. | 5 | |
| 253177188 | Galileo | WHO: European WHAT: Has conflicts with the Church over the laws of gravity WHEN: 1500s WHERE: Europe WHY: Furthers scientific revolution = weakens church | 6 | |
| 253177189 | Isaac Newton | WHO: European WHAT: Summarized theories of motion, gravity, etc. Laws should be based on actual logic and data, not faith. WHEN: 1687 WHERE: Europe WHY: Furthers scientific research = weakens church | 7 | |
| 253177190 | Louis XIV | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 8 | |
| 253177191 | Philip II | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 9 | |
| 253177192 | John Locke | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 10 | |
| 253177193 | Adam Smith | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 11 | |
| 253177194 | Prince Henry the Navigator | WHO: Portugese Prince WHAT: Set up a school for navigation and other educational material. Explored the African coast WHEN: 1488 WHERE: Portugal, Africa WHY: Made navigation important = more exploration. African coast explored | 12 | |
| 253177195 | Vasco de Gama | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 13 | |
| 253177196 | Christopher Columbus | WHO: Spanish Explorer WHAT: "Discovered" America. His confusion with the Native American's appearance gave them the name "Indians". WHEN: 1492 WHERE: Spain, America WHY: "Discovery" of America led to a rapid expansion in Global trade, especially for England, Holland, and Spain. Relationships between countries, such as English and Spain worsened, colonies started, monopolies of resources such as tobacco and sugar, and slavery were introduced. Effectively, due to lack of immunity of diseases and overall military infereriority, much of the Native American population was wiped out. | 14 | |
| 253177197 | Ferdinand Magellan | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 15 | |
| 253177198 | Hernan Cortes | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 16 | |
| 253177199 | Francisco Pizarro | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 17 | |
| 253177200 | Montezuma | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 18 | |
| 253177201 | Atahuallpa | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 19 | |
| 253177202 | Ivan the Terrible | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 20 | |
| 253177203 | Peter the Great | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 21 | |
| 253177204 | Catherine the Great | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 22 | |
| 253177205 | Marquis of Pombal | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 23 | |
| 253177206 | Tupac Amaru | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 24 | |
| 253177207 | Suleyman | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 25 | |
| 253177208 | Mehmed II | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 26 | |
| 253177209 | Ismail | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 27 | |
| 253177210 | Abbas I | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 28 | |
| 253177211 | Babur | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 29 | |
| 253177212 | Akbar | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 30 | |
| 253177213 | Vasco de Gama | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 31 | |
| 253177214 | Francis Xavier | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 32 | |
| 253177215 | Matteo Ricci | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 33 | |
| 253177216 | Zhu | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 34 | |
| 253177217 | Zheng He | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 35 | |
| 253177218 | Tokugawa Ieyasu | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 36 | |
| 253177219 | The Italian Renaissance | WHO: Italians WHAT: A movement in which humanism, or the focus on mankind over religion, was introduced. With this, old ideas of religious superiority were challenged, arts were changed, Latin introduced, and overall more secularism. Machiavelli's Prince = fear > love. Improved banking system starting with the Medici, Merchants more profitable, political rule based on ability to improve, armies/technologies improve, and diplomacy (ambassadors met and discussed). Trade = wealth = power. Inventions and techniques from Asia (pulleys, strong metals, etc), smaller nuclear families emphasized, printing press = literacy increase, and importance of family emphasized. WHEN: 1350 WHERE: Italy WHY: RELIGION LOSES POWER! People view more on the sciences and arts and make huge cultural and scientific leaps forward. Trade = wealth = power. | 37 | |
| 253177220 | The Northern Renaissance | WHO: Italy, French, Spanish WHAT: Italy falls, Spanish/French invade. Atlantic trade routes. Culture of Italy (art/architecture, greek/latin literature, humanist vernacular/own language, popular culture of writers such as bodily funcitons and human passions) all diffused. Political change = more profit and trade, but economy doesn't improve much. Military conquests, and fuedal and religious leaders losing power. Women = more domestic. Inventions and techniques from Asia (pulleys, strong metals, etc), smaller nuclear families emphasized, printing press = literacy increase, and importance of family emphasized. WHEN: 1400s+ WHERE: Europe WHY: Diffusion of Italian culture and ideas, explained in the what section. Induces the type of thinking Humans have today, and most importantly GAVE FALL TO THE POWER OF RELIGION. | 38 | |
| 253177221 | Protestant Reformation | WHO: Germans, WHAT: Reforms started with Martin Luther, the German Monk, stating his 95 Theses against the Catholic Church telling them that monasticism is wrong, and more focus should be put on individual worship and actions, not money and focus on the Church and only Latin. Eventually political leaders (didn't want to pay pope's taxes, gain more land and control over church and Holy Roman Empire) and Ordinary people (more careers seen as good, its okay to make and keep money, more power to the common man as the rich were better off in the Catholic Church, etc) began believing in Luther's views. Practically another schism between the Catholic church. WHEN: 1517 WHERE: Holy Roman Empire, Germany, Europe pretty much. WHY: Protestant religion formed, other ethnicity can now worship translated Christianity, more money and power to the common people, less power to Catholic church. | 39 | |
| 253177222 | Anglican Church | WHO: Henry VIII, English WHAT: A form of the Protestant religion created by King Henry the VIII of England so he could divorce his wife, and have children (fertility issues with old wife). WHEN: 1534 WHERE: England WHY: New form of Protestant, more power to Protestant. | 40 | |
| 253177223 | Catholic Reformation | WHO: Catholic Europeans, Holy Roman Empire, etc. WHAT: Through special council meetings, the Catholic Doctrine was revived that reinstated the importance of sacraments, tried to get rid of superstitious beliefs, and Jesuits (politics, education, missionary work, etc) all in the name of getting the Catholic Church back to its old power, in response to Protestant religion. WHEN: 1500s WHERE: Holy Roman Empire, Europe WHY: Attempts to get the Catholic Church powerful again. Somewhat successful. | 41 | |
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| 253177228 | Holy Roman Empire | WHO: Europeans WHAT: The remaining power of Rome, aka western Europe? Basically the existence of the Catholic Church WHEN: 1400s+ WHERE: Europe WHY: Existence of Catholic Church. | 46 | |
| 253177229 | Thirty Years War | WHO: German Protestants vs Holy Roman Emperor WHAT: German protestants fight Holy Roman Emperor catholic army. German loss. WHEN: 1618-48 WHERE: Europe WHY: Germany loses power/population as a result, treaty of Westphalia 1648 = princes can choose their own religion. Power to France, England, and Netherlands over Italy and Spain as a result of Religious conflicts. Religious doubts, philisophical changes as god does not control nature that powerfully, emphasis on family, and womens rights change (more emphasis on happy marriage, and women MUST get married), as well as growing literacy. | 47 | |
| 253177230 | English Civil War | WHO: English WHAT: Religious problems combined with parliament wanting power over monarchy after English King Charles the first dissolves monarchy... again. Resulted in monarchy regaining power.. WHEN: 1640s WHERE: England WHY: Monarchy regained power in England. Power to France, England, and Netherlands over Italy and Spain as a result of Religious conflicts. Religious doubts, philosophical changes as god does not control nature that powerfully, emphasis on family, and womens rights change (more emphasis on happy marriage, and women MUST get married), as well as growing literacy. | 48 | |
| 253177231 | Commercial Rev. | WHO: WHAT: Caused by inflation, more precious metals, wealth, cheap loans, and stronger trading companies, trade between the New World and the Old World becomes strong through agriculture commercial farming. WHEN: WHERE: WHY: WEALTH TO EUROPE! | 49 | |
| 253177232 | a | WHO: WHAT: WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 50 | |
| 253177233 | Enlightenment | WHO: Europeans WHAT: Scientific thought to human societies, where rational laws describe social and physical behavior. Criminals should be rehabilitation, politics becomes a science, economics becomes extremely important WHEN: 1700s WHERE: Europe WHY: introduced new way of thinking and acting. Human good, religions that rely on faith bad, and education emphasized. Free people = progress, feminist thinkers, changes in habits and beliefs such as reading, treating kids nicer, love between family members, etc. More emphasis on capitalism, population increase, new agricultural societies, and overall technology come into place. | 51 | |
| 253177234 | Scientific Revolution | WHO: Europeans. WHAT: Study of the natural world's beginnings, among other sciences. Increases intellectual thinking. WHEN: 1500s+ WHERE: Europe WHY: Affected intellectual life and promoted change in popular outlook. Weakens Church, stops Witchcraft trials, scientific reasoning, more doctors with actual science, lost and found newspaper section? IMPORTANTLY RELIGION WEAKENED (Miracles? Faith? HAH! Silly fool, I'm with science and I like diesm). UNIQUE, chinese, muslims, etc didn't think this way with scientific improvement, and Europe is going after pure science. The west is now the center of advancement. | 52 | |
| 253177235 | Diesm | WHO: Europeans WHAT: God created the universe, left it running, and now the laws of nature are what rules. WHEN: Who knows, honestly, 1500s? WHERE: Europe WHY: Scientific reasoning led to people thinking more scientifically, but not enough science to prove origins of the universe and what not. | 53 | |
| 253177236 | Absolute Monarchy | WHO: Europeans WHAT: As feudal monarchies came to an end, nobles lose their influence and wars require more taxing and administration. So, absolute monarchy comes into place (French based) where parliament doesn't meet, castles are blown up, bureaucratic comes from merchants/lawyers, representatives to provinces, professional army, King holds total power, government is culturally involved, mercantilism (protect economy of nation), and Versailles are used. WHEN: 1600s? WHERE: Europe (Spain, Prussia/Germany, Austria/Hungary). WHY: Style of Monarchy where the King holds almost complete power and is completely involved in the country, using administers and what not. Important as some states were destroyed by this, and some grew strong. | 54 | |
| 253177237 | Versailles | WHO: WHAT: Palace built by King Louis to subdue nobles...? WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 55 | |
| 253177238 | Parliamentary monarchy | WHO: Europeans WHAT: Where a central state and parliament exist. WHEN: 1500s+? WHERE: British, Netherlands WHY: Resulted in the English civil wars, and the Glorious Revolution as the parliament gained power over the king and met regularly. | 56 | |
| 253177239 | Mercantilism | WHO: Europeans, Absolute monarchies like Spain, Germany, and Austria WHAT: When a nation's government regulates the control of trade, so the government gets rich. WHEN: 1500s? WHERE: Europe WHY: Nations get rich this way, fast, and other nations not so much. | 57 | |
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| 253177241 | Glorious Revolution | WHO: English, King James II WHAT: Revolution in England where the Parliament gained power over the king. WHEN: 1688 WHERE: England WHY: Parliament gains power, monarchy loses it. More democratic now, less corruption. | 59 | |
| 253177242 | Nation-state | WHO: Europeans WHAT: Nations that had common culture/language, and yet the citizens believed the government should act for their own interests, as Europe was kept divided and warred often. WHEN: 1500s? WHERE: Europe WHY: Europe kept separate, though technically all very similar. | 60 | |
| 253177243 | Prussia | WHO: Current Day Germany, Frederick the Great WHAT: Due to Frederick the Greats enlightened disposition, more religious freedom, better agriculture, commercial coordination, and lack of harsh punishments were established. WHEN: 1500s? WHERE: Germany WHY: Germany's doing good for itself here. | 61 | |
| 253177244 | Seven Years War | WHO: British, French, Native Americans, Americans WHAT: A war started as a result of British conquest of Canada, French owned territory, in Which the British win WHEN: 1764 WHERE: Canada, India, etc. WHY: Resulted in the French losing power as the British defeated. Effectively a world war, the money needed to fund such a thing came from the colonizers money, therefore feeding into the American Revolution. | 62 | |
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| 253177247 | Dutch East India Co. | WHO: Dutch, Indians WHAT: A system where the Dutch hoped to expand trade and better the relationship between them and the colonizers. Also wanted to increase trade in Asia. DID. WHEN: 1602+ WHERE: East India. WHY: Gave much income to Netherlands, bettered the relationships between Dutch and colonizers. | 65 | |
| 253177248 | British East India Co. | WHO: British, Indians WHAT: After the fall of the Mughal Empire (Indian) the company really hit off. As a major source of income to the British through crops and raw materials, the armies of the mixed British and Indians were a source of power. Import taxes used to leech money from the natives. TEA = BIG WHEN: 1600s, powerful in 1700s WHERE: India WHY: Gave wealth and power, both economically and politically, to Britain. Kept India weak. | 66 | |
| 253177249 | Columbian Exchange | WHO: New World Americans, and Old World English, Spanish, Asian, etc. WHAT: A trade system where both the new and old worlds traded ideas and goods, giving wealth especially to the Old World (England, Holland, and Spain in particular). Diseases and other hazards befell he Native Americans as an effect, and Africans began to be enslaved for work. WHEN: Late 1600s-1700s WHERE: New World, Old World WHY: Old World became Rich and powerful, Native Americans dying off, Africans Enslaved, and the Feudal system of the Old World is hurt due to the slaves doing the serf's labor. | 67 | |
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| 253177258 | Boers | WHO: WHAT: Farmers WHEN: WHERE: WHY: | 76 | |
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| 253177267 | Silver | WHO: Americans (Native), China, Europe. WHAT: A metal taken from America and imported into China as a use of currency, as well as trade for luxury items in the old world. WHEN: 1492 onward WHERE: America, Europe, Asia, etc. WHY: A metal used to increase and maintain trade between the Americas and the Old World. A source of income to the old world. | 85 | |
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| 253177269 | Sugar | WHO: Europeans (English, Portugese) and Americans (Brazilian) WHAT: Originating in Europe, American, English, and Portugese people exploited the crop in the New World as a source of wealth. Causes Europe to expand WHEN: 1600+ WHERE: America (Brazil), Europe WHY: Europe basically gets RICH | 87 | |
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| 253177283 | Mughals | WHO: Indians WHAT: An Empire in India that retained Indian culture. Kept the British and Dutch at bay from colonizing, but eventually lost and did the latter's biding. WHEN: 1600+ WHERE: India WHY: Delayed colonization in India. Great military source and taxing source for the dutch and British. | 101 | |
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