Whitehead APUSH Chapters 16-19 Midterm Exam
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| 263015755 | John Tyler | 1st president to become so because of a death of another president in office; defines the role of the vice president after the death of a president; he's theoreticall a Whig, but because they aren't unified, he vetoes a lot of Whig legislation, which angers Henry Clay | |
| 263015756 | James K. Polk | elected in 1844, he's against slavery, believes in America's manifest destiny to own the continent "from sea to shining sea;" he wants to annex Texas and 1/3 of Mexico | |
| 263015757 | Texas | it went from being a republic to a territory to a state; it was admitted at the end of 1844 under Polk; it is a slave state (under 36°/30), but there is no corresponding free state to come in with it (California) | |
| 263015758 | California | is needed as a free state to come in with Texas (a slave state); it was an underdeveloped area, and no one knew about its gold yet; Polk tries to buy it, but Mexico refuses; Polk gets Congress to declare war on Mexico | |
| 263015759 | Zachary Taylor | General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th President of the United States. Sent by President Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but he was defeated. Polk says that Mexicans attacked Americans on American soil, so he gets Congress to vote for a war against Mexico (majority rule in favor, except for a few who see it as a land-grab [including Abe Lincoln]) | |
| 263015760 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States. | |
| 263015761 | Republic of California | Americans overthrow the Mexican Government here and declare this; troops go to California | |
| 263015762 | General Phillip Kearney | marches west from Ft. Leavenworth to Santa Fe; leaves a garrison there; goes west and enters So Cal | |
| 263015763 | General Winfield Scott | lands troops (army and Marines) on the coast to capture Mexico City; enters Mexico City on September 14, 1847 | |
| 263015764 | Nicholas Trist | Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War. He gets in touch with Santa Anna, who says that if America pays him $10,000 in gold, he'll take over the Mexican government. He does, but doesn't give the power back to the US... needless to say, this man gets fired by the US. | |
| 263015765 | Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago | 1848 under the Polk Administration Mexico->US -Texas is a state -California is the US's, along with New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada US->Mexico -$15 Million This completes the continental US. A year after this treaty, gold is discovered in California, now a free state (other states are undecided). | |
| 263015766 | Opinions of the Guadelupe Hildago Treaty | Whigs: some think they went to far, some didn't think they went far enough South: wanted more expansion to the south (below 36°/30) *the 11 years between this war and the Civil War is spent trying to prevent another war* | |
| 263015767 | Wilmot Proviso | introduced into Congress by David Wilmot; 1846-before the Mexican-American War ended; states that "no slavery should be allowed in any territories given by Mexico; all but 1 northern state accepts it; Calhoun rejects it | |
| 263015768 | Lewis Cass | A man from Michigan who supports the theory of "Popular Sovereignty" | |
| 263015769 | Popular Sovereignty | states should be able to decide for themselves if they are going to be a free state or a slave state (decided by vote) | |
| 263015770 | Planter Aristocracy | richest in the South; "gentlemen and ladies;" may or may not have a formal education (college); usually wealthy, but they all have to borrow money; own between 50-250 slaves (many of whom are 3rd or 4th generation) | |
| 263015771 | Professionals | Doctors, lawyers, accountants: many own slaves, but not as much as the aristocracy, they are used as personal servants; they want to marry into the Aristocracy | |
| 263015772 | Merchant Middle Class | buy and sell to the Planter Arisotcracy, so they usually side with them; makes lots of money, but are not "gentlemen;" they are looked down on because they are like the people in the North; may own slaves for help, they would teach them their trade and how to read and write (illegal) | |
| 263015773 | Small Farmers | own a little bit of land; mostly grow food, not cash crops; own a few slaves (between 5-10, if any) | |
| 263015774 | Class divisions of the antebellum South | 1) Planter Aristocracy 2) Professionals 3) Merchant Middle Class 4) Small Farmers | |
| 268179369 | Scots Irish | were opposed to slavery for religious and economical reasons: they thought it was morally wrong and it was economically unreasonable to hold slaves on subsistance farms; they were like a culture within a culture | |
| 268179370 | Slave culture | like a culture within a culture; stripped of all rights and everything tied to African culture (they are deculturalized); they take away musical instruments, so they make new ones (like the banjo) | |
| 268179371 | Free blacks | common practice to free your slaves after your death personally (manumission) before it was made illegal; if you were captured in the North by a bounty hunter you could be taken to the South and sold even if you were free before | |
| 268179372 | Election of 1848 | Polk decides not to run again; Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant, Mexican War Hero (Whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president | |
| 268179373 | Free Soil Party | formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into the territories; merged with the Liberty Party in 1848; get 12 seats in the House of Representatives; in the North not South | |
| 268179374 | Sectionalism | loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country; people's parties were decided by location | |
| 274585168 | Compromise of 1850 | series of bills passed over a period of months that persuaded the North to tolerate slavery for a little longer and for the South to tolerate the North; its purpose is just to buy time; Concessions of the North: California is a free state, Texas and New Mexico Land Dispute is over (in favor of New Mexico), slave trade is abolished in DC; Concessions of the South: New Mexico and Utah can vote on their position by popular sovereignty, Texas gets $10 million to cover their debt, new Fugitive Slave Act; Zachary Taylor dies before he can sign these, so his VP Milard Filmore does | |
| 274585169 | Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 | makes it illegal to harbor slaves or assist them in any way on their way; slave/bounty hunters who cross the Ohio are to be given the assistance of the local sheriff to help them find fugitives; essentially, everyone in the North has the duty to capture and turn in fugitive slaves | |
| 274585170 | Election of 1852 | Webster, Clay, and Calhoun are all dead; Democrats nominate Franklin Pierce, Whigs nominate Winfield Scott, Free Soil Democrats nominate John Hale; Pierce wins | |
| 274585171 | Franklin Pierce | appears as a "dark horse" (an "underdog-" no one knows who he is); he does have strong Democratic Party ties; doesn't really have enemies; Pro South/Slavery; becomes president in the Election of 1852 | |
| 274585172 | Invasion of Cuba | Southerners invade because they need more land to have more slave states; "freebooting;" "filibuster" | |
| 274585173 | freebooters/filibusters | someone who engages in an unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country to foment or support a revolution; the term is usually used to describe United States citizens who attempted to foment insurrections in Latin America in the mid-19th century | |
| 274585174 | Ostend Manifesto | drawn up by American Ambassadors to France, Spain, and England; meet in Belgium (Ostend); 1) they offer 120$ Million for Cuba, if they don't, they'll 2) invade Cuba; they wanted it to be secretive, but NY press found out and made the North furious | |
| 274585175 | William Walker | a US lawyer, journalist and adventurer, who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control, an enterprise then known as "filibustering;" he became president of the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857 (where he legalized slavery), when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies. He was executed by the government of Honduras in 1860 | |
| 274585176 | US Trade Agreement with China | 1) Most favored Nation-China Status (they get lower taxes on goods) 2) Extraterritoriality: Chineses law does not apply to visiting foreigners; if a foreigner commits a crime in China he is tried in his home country not in China Canton (mostly American) and Shanghai are the major ports | |
| 274585177 | Shogunate | feudalist ruling family government in Japan | |
| 274585178 | US Trade Agreement with Japan | 1852: Japan refuses their offer (they don't want anything that America has to trade with), but America doesn't take no for an answer. 1854: Matthew Perry comes back | |
| 274585179 | Kanagawa | a treaty between Japan and the U.S. that provided the return of shipwrecked American sailors. | |
| 274585180 | Japan in the mid 19th Century | It sees the need to modernize, or end up like China. China got pushed around and was easily manipulated; its emperor had absolutely no power and was just a figure head. Japan modernizes its military, government (old one is overthrown); and seizes more land for expansion. | |
| 274585181 | Transcontinental Railroad | Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system (starting in Iowa) with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west; Piece favors the Southern Route, and his secretary of War (Jefferson Davis) buys a part of Mexico from Santa Anna; they end up going with the Northern Route through the unsettled areas of the Nebraska Territory (which the South is opposed to because it would cause more settling above 36°/30) | |
| 274585182 | James Gadsen | the American ambassador in Mexico. Acquired 45,000 miles of land in Southern New Mexico and Arizona | |
| 274585183 | Gadsen Purchase | strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853. | |
| 274585184 | Stephen Douglass | "the Little Giant; "Northern Democratic candidate for Election of 1860 against Lincoln (he lost), wanted popular sovereignty to make the Western territories free, saved the Compromise of 1850 by reintroducing each resolution separately, and wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act; he openly opposes the Lecompton Constitution | |
| 274585185 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | proposed 2 new states: Nebraska (would be free) and Kansas ( would be slave) (even though they're both above 36°/30) in the Nebraska Territory; was fiercely debated in Congress, but eventually passed and was signed by Pierce in 1856... duh duh duhhhhhh | |
| 274585186 | Republican Party | Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers | |
| 274585187 | Know Nothing Party | a movement by the nativist American political faction of the 1850s; it was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Republican values and controlled by the Pope in Rome, mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success; membership was limited to Protestant males of British American lineage; there were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery | |
| 275649344 | New England Immigrant Aid Society | an abolitionist group who joined with William Garrison to provide money and weapons (guns- Colt 44, the best and most expensive gun around) to Northerners willing to settle in Kansas (to get the vote for the north against slavery in popular sovereignty) | |
| 275649345 | Election of 1855 in Kansas | this election never takes place, and no legislature is started; the North and Southern parts of Kansas start their own legislatures; in the North, its in Topeka; in the South, its the Shawnee Mission | |
| 275649346 | Lawrence, Kansas | this is a Free Soil City (anti slavery) where a pro slavery raid takes place; they kill some people (increased tensions) | |
| 275649347 | John Brown | He "had a revelation" from God to go to Kansas and lead the people against slavery, ringleader of the Pottawatamie Massacre which coins the term "Bloody Kansas;" in 1857, he goes to Virginia and starts to have conversations with God again, where he believes he is supposed to start a slave rebellion; he gets support from Abolitionist Groups and goes to the federal Armory in Harpers Ferry VA (7 killed, 10 wounded) to get weapons to supply the slaves; the officer who stops him is Robert E Lee (foreshadowing!); he is put on trial for treason, and is convicted; he gets hung and immediately becomes an Abolitionist martyr | |
| 275649348 | Pottawatamie Massacre | John Brown, antislavery settler from Connecticut, leads 7 men to a proslavery settlement near Pottawatamie Creek, where he axe-murders 5 proslavery men and boys | |
| 275649349 | Bloody Kansas | Riots in Kansas before their election, fighting between slave owners and abolitionists | |
| 278087424 | Lecomptan Constitution | pro slavery constituition in Kansas; left 2 possible outcomes: slavery, or no MORE slavery (the present slaves would still be slaves); this was a win/win for the South; Free Soilers disagree with it; President Buchanan accepts it (Stephen Douglass is appalled and openly opposes it); there must be a compromise: it will be put to a vote, and the Free Soilers win and it is overturned; Kansas doesn't become a state until the war in 1861 | |
| 278087425 | Charles Sumner | Radical Republican from Massechusetts against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler (Senator from South Carolina) and subsequently gets attacked by Preston Brooks | |
| 278087426 | Preston Brooks | Representative from South Carolina who brutally attacks Charles Sumner on the floor of the Senate with his cane (which breaks, and subsequently many Southerners send him new ones); he is charged but very lightly | |
| 278087427 | Election of 1856 | Democrats nominate James Buchanan (Pierce and Douglass are too controversial), Republicans nominate John C. Freemont, Know Nothings nominate Millard Fillmore (they have a snow balls chance in hell of winning); James Buchanan wins | |
| 278087428 | James Buchanan | The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. He was a bad choice for president at this time. | |
| 278087429 | Dred Scott Decision | A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory (he was harbored by an Abolitionist group in Missouri) made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court (lead by Cheif Justice Taney) decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. He went on to say that Slaves are property even when they're in free states, according to the 5th Ammendment; andthat Congress can't constitutionally ban slavery from any territory in the US | |
| 278087430 | Cheif Justice Taney | replaced John Marshall; was a slave owner from Maryland (very pro-South) | |
| 278087431 | Economy of the late 1850's | In 1857, the grain market of the west collapses (but does not affect the south); lots of inflation; Homestead Act | |
| 278087432 | Homestead Act of 1860 | the land in the west would be sold for virtually nothing (25¢/acre); it would give 160 acres to anyone willing to settle there and improve the land (enough land for subsistance family farms, but not enough for a plantation-no need for slaves); North is in favor because it would give them more power; South is obviously opposed (they know the Free Soilers will take advantage of it); it passes in Congress but vetoed by President Buchanan | |
| 279097642 | Crash of 1857 | a financial panic in the United States caused from the declining international economy and overexpansion of the domestic economy. Beginning in September of 1857, the financial downturn did not last long, however a proper recovery was not seen until the American Civil War.[1] After the failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, the financial panic quickly spread as business began to fail, the railroad industry experienced financial declines and hundreds of workers were laid off (Wikipedia) | |
| 279097643 | Abraham Lincoln | Born in 1809 in KY; moved to Indiana then to Illonois; he was self educated, and his writings were influenced by the King James Version of the Bible (as many of his time were); his family was not poor, but they were certainly not rich; he did odd jobs throughout his youth including being a "rail splitter," when he makes a few trips down the Mississippi (he first experiences slavery, and dislikes it); he later fights in the Black Hawk War (and he decides that he doesn't like war); he studies law (becomes an apprentice to a lawyer) and becomes a lawyer himself; his practice is popular in Illonois and he comes to be known as "Honest Abe;" he joins the Whigs Party (anti-slavery and anti-Jackson), where he serves on the Illonois state legislature and becomes a Representative for the state in the House (where he opposes the Mexican War); in 1856, he joins the Republican Party; he (eventually!) marries Mary Todd, a rich woman from a slave-holding family in Lexington; he looses to Stephen Douglass in the Election of 1858 for Illonois Senate, but beats him and others in the Election of 1860 for President of the United States | |
| 279097644 | Election of 1860 | Canidates -Stephen Douglass (Northern Democrats) -John Breckenridge (Southern Democrats) -Abraham Lincoln (Republicans) -John Bell (Constitutional Union Party) South says that if Lincoln wins, they'll succeed... and he does... so they succeed. | |
| 279097645 | 1st Democratic Convention of 1860 | held in Charleston, SC; the southern delegates reject Stephen Douglass because he has too much baggage and is too moderate for them; ends undecided, but there is a need for another | |
| 279097646 | 2nd Democratic Convention of 1860 | held in Baltimore, MD; another mess, and the southern delegates walk away; northern delegates nominate Stephen Douglass | |
| 279097647 | 3rd Democratic Convention of 1860 | held in Nashville, TN; only attended by the southern delegates (this is the separation of the 2 different factions of the Democratic Party), no northern delegates are invited to attend; they nominate John Breckenridge (Buchanan's VP) | |
| 279097648 | Republican Convention of 1860 | held in Chicago, IL (Lincoln's home state); 2 come to the floor: William Seward and Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln gets chosen) | |
| 279097649 | Republican platform of 1860 | no extension of slavery, high protective tariff; extended rights for immigrants; transcontinental railroad; free homesteads | |
| 279097650 | Constitutional Union Party | made of all the old Whigs and the rest of the Know Nothings; they fear the disunion of the Union; they nominate John Bell of TN in the 1860 election | |
| 279097651 | William Steward | Was a senator from New York who was an antislavery spokesperson. He argued that Christian legislators must obey God's moral law as well as man's mundane law. He was the other candidate against Lincoln in the Republican "primary" (not really like today's primaries), and Lincoln is chosen over him because this man is too radical (Abolitionists scare people). |
