Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.
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| 7986835429 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found |  | 0 |
| 7986835430 | eukaryotic cell | Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |  | 1 |
| 7986835431 | prokaryotic cell | microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles |  | 2 |
| 7986835432 | nucleoid region | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found |  | 3 |
| 7986835433 | cytoplasm | the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles |  | 4 |
| 7986835434 | plasma membrane | The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell; made of a phospholipid bi-layer |  | 5 |
| 7986835435 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell |  | 6 |
| 7986835436 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm |  | 7 |
| 7986835437 | nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope |  | 8 |
| 7986835438 | chromosomes | tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division) |  | 9 |
| 7986835439 | chromatin | loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA |  | 10 |
| 7986835440 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus; makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes |  | 11 |
| 7986835441 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins |  | 12 |
| 7986835442 | endomembrane system | membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane. |  | 13 |
| 7986835443 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope; a passageway in which proteins and other materials are carried throughout the cell |  | 14 |
| 7986835444 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels |  | 15 |
| 7986835445 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins |  | 16 |
| 7986835446 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction |  | 17 |
| 7986835447 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |  | 18 |
| 7986835448 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |  | 19 |
| 7986835449 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials |  | 20 |
| 7986835450 | autophagy | lysosomes break down damaged organelles |  | 21 |
| 7986835451 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle |  | 22 |
| 7986835452 | contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell |  | 23 |
| 7986835453 | central vacuole | the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells |  | 24 |
| 7986835454 | mitochondria | chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration |  | 25 |
| 7986835455 | chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis |  | 26 |
| 7986835456 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm |  | 27 |
| 7986835457 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell |  | 28 |
| 7986835458 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division |  | 29 |
| 7986835459 | centrioles | cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |  | 30 |
| 7986835460 | flagella | a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement |  | 31 |
| 7986835461 | cilia | a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | | 32 |
| 7986835462 | microfilaments | the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts |  | 33 |
| 7986835463 | intermediate filaments | diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments |  | 34 |
| 7986835464 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake |  | 35 |
| 7986835465 | extracellular matrix | where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides |  | 36 |
| 7986835466 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells |  | 37 |
| 7986835467 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants |  | 38 |
| 7986835468 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins |  | 39 |
| 7986835469 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |  | 40 |
| 7986835470 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants |  | 41 |
| 7986835474 | Selectively Permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot |  | 42 |
| 7986835475 | Phospholipid Bilayer | double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes |  | 43 |
| 7986835476 | Integral Proteins | penetrate the hydrophobic core and often span the membrane |  | 44 |
| 7986835477 | Peripheral Proteins | Bound to the inner or outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it. |  | 45 |
| 7986835478 | Glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |  | 46 |
| 7986835479 | Glycolipids | lipid that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them |  | 47 |
| 7986835480 | Passive Transport | transport that does not require the cell to expend energy (high to low concentration) |  | 48 |
| 7986835481 | Active Transport | energy-requiring process where a substance moves against the concentration gradient (low to high concentration) |  | 49 |
| 7986835482 | Diffusion | net movement of a substance down a concentration gradient (high to low) |  | 50 |
| 7986835483 | Facilitated Diffusion | diffusion of solutes across a membrane, with the help of transport proteins |  | 51 |
| 7986835484 | Osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |  | 52 |
| 7986835485 | Hypertonic | solute concentration is greater than inside the cell, cell loses water; plant cells plasmolyze, animal cells crenate |  | 53 |
| 7986835486 | Hypotonic | solute concentrations in less than inside the cell, cell gains water; animal cells lyse, plant cells have ideal turgor pressure |  | 54 |
| 7986835487 | Isotonic | solute concentrations are the same on both sides of the membrane, cell does not gain or lose water; ideal condition for animal cells |  | 55 |
| 7986835488 | Sodium-Potassium Pump | actively pumps Na+ ions out and K+ ions in, 3 Na leave for every 2 K that enter |  | 56 |
| 7986835489 | Proton Pump | pumps (H+ ions) out of the cell, creating a proton gradient, protons diffuse back into the cell, which powers ATP production |  | 57 |
| 7986835490 | Exocytosis | exporting macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane |  | 58 |
| 7986835491 | Endocytosis | importing macromolecules by forming vesicles derived from plasma membrane |  | 59 |
| 7986835492 | Phagocytosis | part of the cell membrane engulfs large particles or entire cells (cell eating) |  | 60 |
| 7986835493 | Pinocytosis | part of the cell membrane engulfs small dissolved substances or fluid droplets in vesicles (cell drinking) |  | 61 |
| 7986835494 | Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | importing of specific macromolecules by receptor proteins bind to a specific substance which triggers the inward budding of vesicles formed from coated pits |  | 62 |
| 7986835495 | Ligands | molecule that binds to the specific receptor site on another molecule |  | 63 |
| 7986835496 | Fluid Mosaic Model | states that the membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it | 64 | |
| 7986835497 | Transport Proteins | allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane |  | 65 |
| 7986835498 | Concentration Gradient | a difference in concentration across a distance |  | 66 |
| 7986835499 | Turgor Pressure | the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls, caused by the movement of water into the cell |  | 67 |
| 7986835500 | Aquaporins | facilitates the passage of water into a cell |  | 68 |
| 7986835501 | plasmolysis | As a plant cell loses water, it shrivels, and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall |  | 69 |
| 7986835502 | cholesterol | A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Its presence helps to maintain flexibility and fluidity in the membrane. |  | 70 |
| 7986835471 | water potential | a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure to predict the direction water will flow |  | 71 |
| 7986835472 | solute potential | -iCRT, component of water potential which is proportional to its molarity |  | 72 |
| 7986835473 | pressure potential | component of water potential which is the physical pressure on a solution |  | 73 |
