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| 4183224120 | Nicholas I | (r. 1894-1917) Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to deflect attention from domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements | 0 | |
| 4183224121 | Alexander II | (r. 1855-1881) Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated | 1 | |
| 4183224122 | Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed | 2 | |
| 4183224123 | Bolsheviks | Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V. I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution | 3 | |
| 4183224124 | Matthew Perry | Amercian commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to american trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rifts for American trade with Japan in 1854 | 4 | |
| 4183224125 | Decemberist Uprising | Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nickolas I | 5 | |
| 4183224126 | Crimean War | Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II | 6 | |
| 4183224127 | Emancipation of the Serfs | Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land | 7 | |
| 4183224128 | Zemstvoes | Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils has no impact on national policy | 8 | |
| 4183224129 | Anarchists | Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government; formed in many parts of Europe and Americas in late 19th and early 20yh centuries; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881 | 9 | |
| 4183224130 | Duma | National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry | 10 | |
| 4183224131 | Meiji State | Feudalism finally ends under this rule in Japan | 11 | |
| 4183224132 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it | 12 | |
| 4183224133 | Zaibatsu | Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization | 13 | |
| 4183224134 | Sino-Japanese War | War fought between Japan and Qing China between 1894 and 1895; resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaodong peninsula | 14 |
