Terms : Hide Images
| 80624263 | Civilization | an ambiguous term often used to denote more complex socities but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits | 0 | |
| 80624264 | Culture | socially transmitted patterns of action and expression | 1 | |
| 80624265 | History | the study of past events and changes in the development, transmission, and transformation of cultural practices | 2 | |
| 80624266 | Stone Age | the historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. | 3 | |
| 80624267 | Paleolithic | the period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans | 4 | |
| 80624268 | Neolithic | the period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolutions | 5 | |
| 80624269 | Forager | a person who supports themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects | 6 | |
| 80624270 | Agricultural Revolutions | the change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. | 7 | |
| 80624271 | Holocene | the geological era since the end of the Great Ice Age about 11,000 years ago | 8 | |
| 80624272 | Megaliths | structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times | 9 | |
| 80624273 | Sumerians | the people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E.. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture- such as irrigation, technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions- take over by their Semitic successors | 10 | |
| 80624274 | Semitic | family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. | 11 | |
| 80624275 | City-state | a small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characterisitc political form in early Mesopotamia. | 12 | |
| 80624276 | Hammurabi | Amorite ruler of Babylon. He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and i best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases | 13 | |
| 80624277 | Scribe | in the governments of many ancient socities, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiforms, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems | 14 | |
| 80624278 | Ziggurat | a massive pyramidial stepped tower made of mud bricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown. | 15 | |
| 80624279 | Amulet | small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people | 16 | |
| 80624280 | Cuneiform | a system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesoopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. | 17 | |
| 80624281 | Pharaoh | the central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt. | 18 | |
| 80624282 | Ma'at | Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order | 19 | |
| 80624283 | Pyramid | a large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king | 20 | |
| 80624284 | Memphis | the capital of the Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. | 21 | |
| 80624285 | Thebes | capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. | 22 | |
| 80624286 | Papyrus | a reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. It was used to produce a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East | 23 | |
| 80624287 | Hieroglyphics | a system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions of ancient Egypt. | 24 | |
| 80624288 | Mummy | a body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife | 25 | |
| 80624289 | Harappa | site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones, from Afghanistan and Iran | 26 | |
| 80624290 | Mohenjo-Daro | largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. | 27 | |
| 81260589 | Foraged Vegetables | the diet of the stone age consisted mostly of this | 28 | |
| 81260590 | Cooking | clay pots are evidence of this | 29 | |
| 81260591 | Semicultivation | people scatter the seeds of desired food-producting plants in places where they would be likely to grow; burnt down fields; specialized tools | 30 | |
| 81260592 | Middle East | transition to agriculture took place here first | 31 | |
| 81260593 | Swidden Agriculture | changing fields periodically as the fertility of the soil became depleted | 32 | |
| 81260594 | Mediterranean | wheat and barley grew best here | 33 | |
| 81260595 | Saharan Africa | sorghum, millet, and teff grew best here | 34 | |
| 81260596 | Holocene | most people transitioned to agriculture because of this | 35 | |
| 81260597 | Obsidian | Catal Huyuk was a center for the trade of this | 36 | |
| 81260598 | Copper, Silver, Gold | decorative/ceremonial objects at Catal Huyuk were made of this | 37 | |
| 81260599 | 4000 B.C.E. | by this stime farmers were using cattle-pulled plows | 38 | |
| 81260600 | Sumerians | earliest people of Mesopotamia and initial creators of the culture | 39 | |
| 81260601 | Semitic-speaking People | dominated and intermarried with the Sumerians but preserved many elements of the culture | 40 | |
| 81260602 | Lugal | "big man"; were originally leaders of armies; ruled from palaces and took over religious control of institutions | 41 | |
| 81260603 | Sargon | became powerful enough to control other city-states | 42 | |
| 81260604 | Old Babylonian | the state that Hammurabi controlled | 43 | |
| 81260605 | Temples or Palaces | where merchants were originally employed in Mesopotamia | 44 | |
| 81260606 | Barter | type of economy in Mesopotamia | 45 | |
| 81260607 | Free Landowners | highest class in Mesopotamia | 46 | |
| 81260608 | Dependent Farmers and Artisans | second class in Mesopotamia | 47 | |
| 81260609 | Slaves | lowest class in Mesopotamia | 48 | |
| 81260610 | Prisoners of War | most slaves in Mesopotamia were... | 49 | |
| 81260611 | Urban Merchant Class | the rise of this in the 2nd millenium B.C.E. brought around the decline in women's status | 50 | |
| 81260612 | Akkadian | cuneiform was developed to write Sumerian but it was later used to write this language | 51 | |
| 81260613 | Black Land | land that was rich with silt near the Nile | 52 | |
| 81260614 | Red Land | desert beyond the Nile River | 53 | |
| 81260615 | Upper Egypt | southern part of the Nile, as Far South as the First Cataract | 54 | |
| 81260616 | Lower Egypt | northern delta area | 55 | |
| 81260617 | 3100 B.C.E. | when Egypt becacme a unified Egyptian state | 56 | |
| 81260618 | Pulley, Lever, Roller | techniques that were used to construct the pyramids | 57 | |
| 81260619 | Central Administration | Egypt was governed by... | 58 | |
| 81260620 | Bureaucrats | kept track of land, labor, taxes, and people | 59 | |
| 81260621 | Rural | Egypt was more....than Mesopotamia | 60 | |
| 81260622 | Acquiring Territory | Egypt was more interested in acquiring resources than.... | 61 | |
| 81260623 | Levant and Nubia | Egypt traded directly with.... | 62 | |
| 81260624 | Gold | what Egypt recieved from Nubia through trade | 63 | |
| 81260625 | Cedar | what Egypt recieved from Levant through trade | 64 | |
| 81260626 | King and High-ranking Officials | highest Egyptian class | 65 | |
| 81260627 | Lower-level Officials, local leaders, priests, professionals, artisans, well-off farmers | second Egyptian class | 66 | |
| 81260628 | Peasanats | the lowest Egyptian class; consisted of most of the population | 67 | |
| 81260629 | Humane | treatment of slaves was... | 68 | |
| 81260630 | Divorce | Egyptian women could initiate....whereas Mesopotamian women could not | 69 | |
| 81260631 | Cyclical View of Nature | Egyptian religious beliefs were based on the... | 70 | |
| 81260632 | Re | Egyptian sun god | 71 | |
| 81260633 | Osiris | god of the Underworld | 72 | |
| 81260634 | Re and Horus | gods associated with the pharaohs | 73 | |
| 81260635 | Edge of the Desert | tombs were built at the.... | 74 | |
| 81260636 | Chemistry and Anatomy | mummification provided the Egyptians with knowledge of.... | 75 | |
| 81260637 | Calendars | the use of astronomy helped the Egyptians make.... | 76 | |
| 81260638 | Twice | the Indus floods....a year | 77 | |
| 81260639 | 2600-1900 B.C.E. | time period of the Indus River Valley civilization | 78 | |
| 81260640 | Metal | Indus Valley had access to this key resource | 79 |
