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| 2847804350 | Paleolithic Age | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E. ; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 0 | |
| 2847804351 | Homo Sapiens | Humans | 1 | |
| 2847804352 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 2847831158 | Neolithic revolution | The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 2847831159 | Hunting and gathering | The original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts and berries | 4 | |
| 2847835812 | Bronze Age | From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it | 5 | |
| 2847843194 | Slash and burn agriculture | A system or cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted | 6 | |
| 2847856632 | Band | A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis | 7 | |
| 2847865018 | Çatal Hüyük [kah-THAL-HONY-uhk] | Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. | 8 | |
| 2849764158 | Civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 9 | |
| 2849782238 | Cuneiform [kyoo-NAY-uh-form] | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 10 | |
| 2849791058 | Nomads | Cattle-and sheep- herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies | 11 | |
| 2849801440 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys | 12 | |
| 2849807330 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city states | 13 | |
| 2849817653 | Ziggurats [ZIG-uh-rat] | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 14 | |
| 2849832252 | City-State | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 15 | |
| 2849851651 | Babylonian Empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 2849857923 | Hammurabi | (r. 1972-1750 B.C.E.) The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 17 | |
| 2849868929 | Pharaoh | Title of kings of ancient Egypt | 18 | |
| 2849873486 | Pyramids | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs | 19 | |
| 2849881624 | Kush | An african state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 20 | |
| 2849890529 | Indus River Valley | River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization | 21 | |
| 2849894664 | Harappa | Along the Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 22 | |
| 2849905134 | Mohenjo Daro [moh-HEN-joh-DA-roh] | Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 23 | |
| 2849915612 | Yellow River | Also known as the Huanghe; site of development of sedentary agriculture in china | 24 | |
| 2849920454 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huanghe; flourished 1600 to 1046 B.C.E. | 25 | |
| 2849928992 | Oracles | Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on homes led to Chinese writing | 26 | |
| 2849935757 | Ideographs | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 27 | |
| 2849942680 | Chichimecs | meaning "sons of the dog" | 28 | |
| 2849945154 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 29 | |
| 2849966837 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization | 30 |
