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| 170877666 | Hominids | Appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa Humanlike creatures called primates Mary and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils in the Great Rift Valley "Lucy," an Australopithecine fossil, found in 1974 bipedalism - ability to walk upright, a sizable brain - enables abstract thought and fine motor control, larynx - allows complex speech | 0 | |
| 170877667 | Homo Sapiens | Modern Humans emerged from 100,000 to 200,000 years ago Earliest - The Neanderthal Most advanced - Cro-Magnon Advanced tools, wore clothes, permanent and self-permanent dwellings, organized social groups Spread to Europe to Africa and Asia | 1 | |
| 170877668 | Paleolithic Era - Economy | Old Stone Age (c. 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago.) Greatest concerns steady and plentiful food supply and clothing Stone and bone tools include spears, bows, etc. Nomadic hunters and gatherers Predates agricultural societies | 2 | |
| 170877669 | Paleolithic Era - Society | Social groups: Extended families into clans, chief, leaders, religious figures Organized warfare: Rocks, clubs, etc Deities: Religious rituals, sacrifices, goddesses, spirits Art and music, cave paintings and flutes Men - Hunters, Women - Gathered | 3 | |
| 170877670 | Neolithic Era - Origin | New Stone Age (8000 - 5000 B.C.E.) Origins of agricultural society Domestication of animals / cultivation of crops Slash and burn agriculture Developed complex societies, settled down | 4 | |
| 170877671 | Neolithic Era - Culture | Agriculture allowed for food surplus, Led to increase in population Permanent villages appeared; disappearing hunting and gathering civilizations Specialization of labor - no longer dedicated to food production Developed textiles Wealth from specialization of labor led to social classes Status of women diminished | 5 | |
| 170877672 | Bantu Migrations | Movement of Africa across continent of Africa Iron Metallurgy, tools used to clear land for agriculture / herding Decentralized government - Governed through family and kinship groups Village ruled by council made up of 100 male heads of families, village chief Conflict among Bantus led to formation of organized military and formal governmental institutions | 6 | |
| 170877673 | Bronze Age | Metallurgy began with copper Neolithic Era - copper + tin = bronze Bronze tools / weapons first used in Mesopotamia in 4000-3000 B.C.E c. 1500-1000 B.C.E. developed iron tools and weapons | 7 | |
| 170877674 | Mesopotamia | Irrigation led to increase in food supply / population and by c. 5000 B.C.E Sumer established World's first cities emerged, Ur and Babylon Sumerian achievements - First form of writing - Cuneiform Sumerians were polytheistic, built ziggurats, please gods organized into series of city states, worked to maintain peace and stability Canals and bridges build | 8 | |
| 170877675 | Hammurabi's Code | High standards of behavior, stern punishments in city-state of Babylon Death penalty for murder, theft, fraud, etc. Civil laws regulated prices, wages, conditions of slavery Written set of rules to govern society | 9 | |
| 170877676 | Assyrian Empire | Government: Administrative techniques and powerful and intimidating military Officers standardized military units and appointed basis of merit, skill, bravery Horse drawn chariots to conquer Covered much of Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, etc. | 10 | |
| 170877677 | Iron Metallurgy | Mesopotamia manufactured effective iron and bronze tools / weapons by 1000 B.C.E. Added Copper to iron to increase strength to produce sharper edges Iron Metallurgy spread to Egypt, North Africa, etc. Iron tools to conquer Mesopotamia | 11 | |
| 170877678 | Patriarchal Society | Basis of Mesopotamia / Egyptian societies - Men made decisions about divisions of household chores among family members and arranged marriages Men dominated public life, kings and pharaohs made decisions of public policy Women punished for adultery by drowning Men able to sell wife and children into slavery to pay debt | 12 | |
| 170877679 | Origins of Writing | Cuneiform - Earliest writing began in Mesopotamia Record Keeping - trade purposes necessary as society became more complex Sumerian writing system based on pictures Egyptians created hieroglyphics Scribes - prepared legal and other documents | 13 | |
| 170877680 | Hebrews | Nomads settled in Mesopotamia and Egypt First monotheistic religion - Worshiped Yahweh Bible told of Israelite practices / experiences 1300 B.C.E. Moses went to Palestine to establish kingdom under David / Solomon Extended to Sinai Peninsula | 14 | |
| 170877681 | Phoenicians | Earned reputation as seafaring traders City-states in Mediterranean, dominated trade in Med. basin System of writing with twenty two symbols Alphabet spread through trade of glass, timber, textiles Basis for Latin Alphabet | 15 | |
| 170877682 | Indus River Civilization | Main cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Well planned, fortified, uniformaly constructed cities Had standardized weights and measurements Long distance trade, pottery found in Egypt, olive oil from Sumer found in that area | 16 | |
| 170877683 | Aryans | Pastoral Nomads spoke Indo-European languages Established small communities in northern India Limited agricultue, prized herds of cattle Horse domestication as use for transportation, war machines when attached to chariots Literary and religious texts memorized and passed down orally Caste system - influenced by contacts and indigenous peoples and invaders | 17 | |
| 170877684 | Vedic Age | Indian period between 1500 and 500 B.C.E. when Vedas primary Hindu text was recorded Aryans recorded number of literary / religious works in Sanskrit Vedas - Provided view of early Aryan society Aryans vs. Dravidians, no common centralized government Cheifdoms based on agriculture or herding Social heirarchy based on caste- maintained order and stability, gender affected based on patriarchal society | 18 | |
| 170877685 | Vedas | Primary text of Hinduism Collection of hymns, songs, prayers, rituals honoring Aryan gods Four Vedas - Most important / first Rig Vedas compiled between 1400 B.C.E and 900 B.C.E. Passed down orally until 600 B.C.E. when all four were recorded in Sanskrit Revealed great deal about early Aryans | 19 | |
| 170877686 | Caste System | Four main varnas (social classes) originally formed around skin color Brahmins - Priests Kshatriyas - Warriors and Aristocrats Vaishyas - farmers, artisans, merchants Shudras - landless peasants, serfs Untouchables | 20 | |
| 170877687 | Yellow River Civilization - Xia Dynasty | Unpredictable flooding, nickname "China's Sorrow" Regular rain and fertile soil - No need for irrigation system, water control system developed Xia dynasty attempted to organize public life on large scale, precedent for hereditary monarchical rule Yu, the founder, initiated flood control programs, organized large scale public works, set up formal government | 21 | |
| 170877688 | Shang Dynasty | Rise and success based on technology such as bronze Shang produced bronzeby monopolizing mines and employing craftsmen Well armed military, extended control to northeastern China Kings controled surplus agriculture, expensive lavish tombs for emperors Ancestor worship, oracle bones to see the future | 22 | |
| 170877689 | Zhou Dynasty | Ruled by proclamation; military forces and allies disseminated laws of justice Allied with Shang, adopted customs / cultures, overthrew Shang king Events of Heaven and earth are closely related / Mandate of Heaven Cultural Achievements: poetry, history, rituals, morals, religion | 23 | |
| 170877690 | Mandate of Heaven | Events on Earth and Heaven directly connected Power to rule is given by heavenly powers, ruler known as "son of Heaven" Must maintain order, dispense justice to retain power. Fails, the Mandate of Heaven is given to another candidate European concept of Divine Right Used to justify takeover of Shang | 24 | |
| 170877691 | Silk Production | Produced first under the Shang Raised silkworms on mulberry trees By Han Dynasty, silk was a luxurious product of high demand, production = highly guarded imperial secret 500's Byzantine monks smuggles silk worms and began to produce silk textiles | 25 | |
| 170877692 | Warring States | Time of disunity for China adopted Legalism as basis for rule Legalism helped State of Qin gain control and unify China Three schools of though developed - Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism Period referred to as Hundred Schools of Thought | 26 | |
| 170877693 | Mayan Civilization | Terrace faring - developed to capture rainwater and silt to increase soil fertility Agricultural production of cotton, maize, cacao Achievements: elaborate system of writing, accurate calendar, concept of zero Solar years (365 days) set agricultural patterns | 27 |
