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| 267613949 | agriculture | the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock | 0 | |
| 267613950 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. | 1 | |
| 267613951 | Bantu Migrations | The Bantu expansion was a millenia long series of physical migrations, a diffusion of language and knowledge out into and in from neighboring populations, and a creation of new societal groups involving inter-marriage among communities and small groups moving tocommunities and small groups moving to new areas. Bantu-speakers developed novel methods of agriculture and metalworking which allowed people to colonize new areas with widely varying ecologies in greater densities than hunting and foraging permitted. | 2 | |
| 267613952 | Buddhism | a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire | 3 | |
| 267613953 | Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior | 4 | |
| 267613954 | Colombian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 5 | |
| 267613955 | Crusades | any of the more or less continuous military expeditions in the 11-13th centuries when Christian powers of Europe tried to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims | 6 | |
| 267613956 | Genoa | a seaport town in Italy where Columbus grew up | 7 | |
| 267613957 | Gothic Architecture | a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries | 8 | |
| 267613958 | Han Empire | A powerful Classical Empire in China from 200BC to 200AD. Responsible for many contributions: Civil Service System, Silk Road, Silk-Making. | 9 | |
| 267613959 | Hominid | characterizing the family Hominidae, which includes Homo sapiens sapiens as well as extinct species of manlike creatures | 10 | |
| 267613960 | Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran | 11 | |
| 267613961 | Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud | 12 | |
| 267613962 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 13 | |
| 267613963 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 14 | |
| 267613964 | Mongols | A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325) | 15 | |
| 267613965 | Mosque | (Islam) a Muslim place of worship | 16 | |
| 267613966 | Neolithic Village | Catalhuyuk | 17 | |
| 267613967 | Paleolithic Age | second part of the Stone Age beginning about 750,00 to 500,000 years BC and lasting until the end of the last ice age about 8,500 years | 18 | |
| 267613968 | Portuguese | of or relating to or characteristic of Portugal or the people of Portugal | 19 | |
| 267613969 | Quipi System | a device consisting of a cord with knotted strings of various colors attached, used by the ancient Peruvians for recording events, keeping accounts, etc. | 20 | |
| 267613970 | Roman Empire | an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern or Byzantine Empireq | 21 | |
| 267613971 | Sanskrit | (Hinduism) an ancient language of India (the language of the Vedas and of Hinduism) | 22 | |
| 267613972 | Shi'ism | the branch of Islam that regards Ali as the legitimate successor to Mohammed and rejects the first three caliphs | 23 | |
| 267613973 | Stupa | Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound | 24 | |
| 267613974 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 25 | |
| 267613975 | Temple | place of worship consisting of an edifice for the worship of a deity | 26 | |
| 267613976 | Umayyad Empire | 661-750 *Beginning of Golden Age of Islam; conquered Sind & Indus River Valley; incorporated it as province to expand empire | 27 | |
| 267613977 | West African trade | Gold and salt were the main trade items, other items were cloth, copper, silver and slaves to Africa and Europe | 28 | |
| 267613978 | Abbasid Empire | Islamic Turkish empire whose capital was Baghdad; taken over by persians in 945. | 29 | |
| 267613979 | Animism | the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls | 30 | |
| 267613980 | Aztec Empire | Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Motecuzoma I. They converted themselves from nomads into the elite of a huge militaristic state. | 31 | |
| 267613981 | Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | 32 | |
| 267613982 | Byzantine Empire | Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250) | 33 | |
| 267613983 | Classical World | name for Ancient Rome and Greece | 34 | |
| 267613984 | Commercial economy | a system of production of goods and services for exchange in competitive markets where price and availability are determined by supply and demand | 35 | |
| 267613985 | Egyptian civilization | Egyptian civilization emerged in northern Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E. It benefited from trade and influences from Mesopotamia, but it also produced its own distinct social structures and cultural expressions. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egyptian civilization featured very durable and centralized institutions. Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures also characterized Egyptian civilization. | 36 | |
| 267613986 | Ghana | the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade | 37 | |
| 267613987 | gun powder empires | Refers to the middle eastern but mainly the Ottoman Empire's large-scale empire that relied heavily on firearms to maintain dominion. | 38 | |
| 267613988 | Hangzou | the location of the new Song capital | 39 | |
| 267613989 | Homo sapian | the latest humans | 40 | |
| 267613990 | Japan | a string of more than 3,000 islands east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean | 41 | |
| 267613991 | Latin | of or relating to the ancient Latins or the Latin language | 42 | |
| 267613992 | Maurya Empire | Indian empire founded by Chandragupta, beginning with his kingdom in northeastern India and spreading to most of northern and central India | 43 | |
| 267613993 | Merchant class | people who make their livings doing trades | 44 | |
| 267613994 | Monotheism | belief in a single God | 45 | |
| 267613995 | Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. | 46 | |
| 267613996 | Oceana | the group of islands in the pacific including melanasia, micronesia, and polynesia | 47 | |
| 267613997 | Pepper | pungent seasoning from the berry of the common pepper plant of East India | 48 | |
| 267613998 | prehistory | the time during the development of human culture before the appearance of the written word | 49 | |
| 267613999 | Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 50 | |
| 267614000 | Secularism | a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations | 51 | |
| 267614001 | slave labor | holding a person in bondage to force them to work; an act practiced by Africans and Native Americans. | 52 | |
| 267614002 | sugarcane | juicy canes whose sap is a source of molasses and commercial sugar | 53 | |
| 267614003 | swahili | the most widely spoken Bantu languages | 54 | |
| 267614004 | Trans-Atlantic trade | Between Europe, Africa, and North America. Europe took slaves from Africa and sent them to the states. From the states they took Molasses, tea, and cotton, and really gave nothing back to the slaves. | 55 | |
| 267614005 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) | 56 | |
| 267614006 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422) | 57 | |
| 267614007 | Agricultural revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering | 58 | |
| 267614008 | Arabic | the Semitic language of the Arabs, or anything having to do with Arabs | 59 | |
| 267614009 | Baghdad | Capital city of Iraq. As heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. | 60 | |
| 267614010 | Bubonic Plague | the most common form of the plague | 61 | |
| 267614011 | Chinggis Khan | born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world | 62 | |
| 267614012 | Coffee | any of several small trees and shrubs native to the tropical Old World yielding coffee beans | 63 | |
| 267614013 | Confucianism | The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. | 64 | |
| 267614014 | Fatamid caliphate | An independant Muslim state that sprang up in the Abbasid caliphate. This caliphate was formed by Shi'a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatime. The caliphate began in North Africa and spread across the Red Sea to Western Arabia and Syria. | 65 | |
| 267625322 | Gospel | the written body of teachings of a religious group that are generally accepted by that group | 66 | |
| 267625323 | Gupta Empire | Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. | 67 | |
| 267625324 | Herodotus | the ancient Greek known as the father of history | 68 | |
| 267625325 | Indian Ocean trading networks | The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops. | 69 | |
| 267625326 | Jerusalem | A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews. | 70 | |
| 267625327 | Malaya | a constitutional monarchy in southeastern Asia on Borneo and the Malay Peninsula | 71 | |
| 267625328 | Mayan Empire | 2500 BC to 900 AD. Located in southeastern Mexico. Had independent city-states that were unified by culture, religion and trade. Had religious rulers who had cerimonies and made sacrifices to the gods. Charted planets, moon and sun and developed calendar). Economy based on agriculture and trade. | 72 | |
| 267625329 | Mesopotamian civilization | first civilization, in area between Tigris and Euphrates rivers, agricultural society, develop ways to control water | 73 | |
| 267625330 | Monsoons | the seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia blowing from te southwest in the summer and NE in the winter | 74 | |
| 267625331 | Neolithic Revolution | This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers. | 75 | |
| 267625332 | Ottoman Empire | Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. | 76 | |
| 267625333 | Plantations | large farms that produce one major crop | 77 | |
| 267625334 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 78 | |
| 267625335 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history | 79 | |
| 267625336 | Samurai | feudal Japanese military aristocracy | 80 | |
| 267625337 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 81 | |
| 267625338 | Song Empire | Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285) | 82 | |
| 267625339 | Sub-Saharan trade | This trade connected to the Indian Ocean trade along the eastern coast of Africa, which in turn connected the people of sub-Saharan Africa to trade centers in Cairo and India | 83 | |
| 267625340 | Talmud | the collection of ancient rabbinic writings on Jewish law and tradition (the Mishna and the Gemara) that constitute the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism | 84 | |
| 267625341 | Tribute | payment by one nation for protection by another | 85 | |
| 267625342 | Venice | An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople. | 86 | |
| 267625343 | Safavids | one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran. They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires since the Muslim conquest of Persia and established the Twelver school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history. The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736) and at their height, they controlled all of modern Islamic Republic of Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan and Republic of Armenia, most of Iraq, Georgia, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus, as well as parts of Pakistan, Turkmenistan and Turkey. Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along with its neighbours, the Ottoman and Mughal empires. | 87 |
