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| 12161826655 | how do we learn about prehistoric people? | had no writing system, learn abt their habits via artifacts and the size and composition of their skeletons | 0 | |
| 12161840044 | homo sapiens | - first appeared 200,000-100,000 yrs ago - in east africa - WERE HUNTER-GATHERS - nomadic bc of: food availability, climate changes, pop. density | 1 | |
| 12161879645 | what did the nomadic nature of early humans allow for? | allowed them to be spread thruout the world, also allowed for differences in tech and culture as they became more spread out | 2 | |
| 12161892687 | nomadic people's mindset | "where food goes, I go" | 3 | |
| 12161898043 | bering strait crossing | - occurred bc of extreme climate change which exposed a land "bridge" btwn russia and alaska - brought humans 2 Americas - came this way bc they were following food sources | 4 | |
| 12161928145 | humans were on every continent (except antarctica) by? | !!!10,000 BCE!!! | 5 | |
| 12161935335 | paleolithic period | - aka stone age (used stone tools/weapons) - tech adapted to lifestyles and climate - LEARNED HOW TO CONTROL FIRE - development of society in2 groups - had distinctive religious art - began to develop gvt systems | 6 | |
| 12161952049 | fire provided: | - light after dark - heat - protection against animals and other humans - smoke 4 beekeeping - scared animals into traps 4 hunting - made food more nutritious and easier 2 digest | 7 | |
| 12161979634 | paleolithic society | - nuclear family: immediate relatives - kinship groups: several fams togethe, moved together 4 food, 20-40 ppl bc was an advantageous size - clans: several kinship groups that traded w each other and had extended contact - tribes: 2+ clans, led by priests or chiefs, helped w hunting and defense of all who were involved - EGALITARIAN - PATRIARCHAL (roles divided by gender) | 8 | |
| 12163009219 | paleolithic religion | - animism - 1st religious leaders = shamans - made sacrifices and had burial (indicates belief in live after death | 9 | |
| 12163059369 | NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION | - due to climate change allowing 4 agriculture - aka agricultural revolution - many things changed | 10 | |
| 12166355861 | NR: agriculture | - learned how to grow and domesticate wild crops - settled in one place bc of - created FOOD SURPLUS - occurred 1st in E mediterranean - led to a decrease in diet diversity and animals and insects | 11 | |
| 12167282858 | NR: pastoralism | - domesticated wild animals - 1st= dogs (helped w hunting) - 1st in grasslands of africa and eurasia - not as settled as farmers, SPREAD IDEAS AND TECH VIA TRADE | 12 | |
| 12167310947 | NR: specialization of labor | - occurred due to food surplus - appearance of artisan and merchant class - led to formation of writing systems bc needed to record transactions and taxes | 13 | |
| 12167336569 | NR: growth of villages and towns | - pops increased bc of food surplus - social stratification appeared (differences in social standing bc of wealth or holdings) - appearance of elite class (mostly men) - JERICHO and CATAL HUYUK | 14 | |
| 12167367575 | NR: governments | - needed gvt to help w agriculture and trade regulations - leaders typically not elected bc they were "good", mostly bc they had the most wealth and therefore pwr | 15 | |
| 12167401569 | NR: religions | - ppl wanted their crops to grow and be successful, so sacrificed to gods - lead to creation of a priest class - Hebrews: monotheistic, Abraham - S Asia: Vedas, polytheistic - Zoroastor: founder of religion, battle btwn forces of good and evil | 16 | |
| 12167438829 | NR: technological innovations | - improved storage (clay pots) - PLOW - WHEEL AND AXLE - textiles - metallurgy: science of metals | 17 | |
| 12167456578 | civilization | - a large society with cities and powerful states - most developed in RIVER VALLEYS - developed languages, religious beliefs and economic processes | 18 | |
| 12169818817 | mesopotamia | - area btwn Tigris and Euphrates rivers - means "btwn rivers" - called the cradle of civilization - perfect for agriculture bc of fertile soil from river flooding - RIVER FLOODING NOT REGULAR (led to a view of their gods as cruel and vicious) | 19 | |
| 12167483341 | the sumerians | - btwn Tigris and Euphrates rivers - known as MESOPOTAMIA | 20 | |
| 12170471981 | the babylonian empire | - gained pwr thru use of composite bow - mesopotamia - capital city: babylon - society: similar to Sumer, patriarchal - women: more rights, marriages arranged by men, could have jobs, could leave husbands but not divorce, could take own property if they left - religion: similar to Sumer, practiced astronomy and astrology | 21 | |
| 12170488543 | HAMMURABI | - united mesopotamia under one ruler for 40+ yrs - had bureaucratic gvt system, no local officers - reorganized tax structure - CREATED HAMMURABI'S CODE | 22 | |
| 12170515829 | hammurabi's code | - set of 282 laws in stone monuments (visible to all) - based on concept of "eye for an eye" - instituted a organized justice system - brought stability | 23 | |
| 12170572785 | the phoenicians | - helped to develop mediterranean trading system - Carthage: important colony that promoted trade, N. Africa - DEVELOPED FIRST ALPHABETIC SCRIPT (basis for modern systems) | 24 | |
| 12170590474 | the hebrews | - known abt history via Old Testament/Torah - led by ABRAHAM - FIRST MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIOUS GROUP - frequently persecuted and enslaved, LED TO JEWISH DIASPORA - bc of JD, spread thru out world, also spread their belief system | 25 | |
| 12170640645 | ancient egypt | - located on nile river (REGULAR FLOODING= more benevolent view of gods) - egypt=sumer of africa - had extensive irrigation systems bc desertification was increasing in africa @ the time - used nile also for trade and transport - desert protected group from invaders - started off as two separate kingdoms: upper egypt (which is actually in the S, wacky ik) and lower egypt (in the north) - CULTURE CONTINUED DESPITE MANY INVASIONS | 26 | |
| 12170717055 | the old kingdom (2660-2160 BCE) | - united both kingdoms - had strong central gvt, leader = pharaoh - theocratic gvt style (leader= religious+political) - BUILT PYRAMIDS (duh), graves for kings - noble class appeared, pharaoh distributed land/wealth 2 favs, passed down from father--> son - decline: famine and 2 strong of a noble class, kingdoms split again as a result | 27 | |
| 12170771751 | the middle kingdom (2040-1786 BCE) | - united under MENTUHOEP II - capital moved to thebes - pharaohs encouraged loyalty via the arts - lead 2 renewal in arts, religion and literature - conquered nearby land, resulted in more nat resources - decline: due to hyksos tribe, invaded and won bc of superior warfare techniques and advanced tech | 28 | |
| 12170824833 | the new kingdom (1570-1070 BCE) | - eventually beat out hyksos by improving their tech - expanded S into nubia and N 2 mesopotamia - 1350 BCE: Akhenaton attempted 2 change 2 monotheistic religion, not successful but made priests v powerful -1290 BCE: RAMSES THE GREAT, long rule (67yrs), expanded 2 SW asia, built many statues and temples - decline: invaded by Hittites (advanced iron weaponry), many failed wars and invasions after Ramses - did not gain independence until modern times | 29 | |
| 12170934868 | egyptian society | 1. kings, priests and nobles 2. farmers 3. slaves - all under law/had rights (except slaves) - WOMEN HAD RIGHTS, some were pharaohs (hatesphut, cleopatra) | 30 | |
| 12170964717 | egyptian religion | - polytheistic - Ra= sun god - gods repped via statues and idols - BELIEVED IN AFTERLIFE (mummies and temples), only rich got mummified | 31 | |
| 12171009632 | egyptian writing system | - use hieroglyphics - had early form of paper, PAPYRUS | 32 | |
| 12171018597 | egyptian scientific contributions | - had advanced engineering and math 2 construct architecture feats - number system based on 10 - 365 day calendar - knowledge of human body and medicine (from mummification process) | 33 | |
| 12171078332 | nubia | - s of egypt - valuable nat resources - their ppl served in egyptian army - similar agricultural practices, more irrigation - religiously and culturally similar to egypt - declined after abt 1000yrs of prosperity | 34 | |
| 12171099705 | kush | - basically nubia part 2 - dependent on egypt, did not gain independence until 1000BCE - took over egypt @ one pt - traded significantly (Romans, Indians, Arabians) - Meroe: important city - height = 300-100BCE - decline: due 2 deforestation | 35 | |
| 12171136463 | axum | - capture kush around 340 CE (nubia pt. 3) - Axum and Adulis: important foreign trade cities, taxed foreign goods, v rich - FIRST GROUP TO MAKE CHRISTIANITY OFFICIAL RELIGION (330 CE) - 600 CE: went into decline - modern day ethiopia, inhabitants still christian | 36 | |
| 12171329707 | indus river valley civilization | - 2500-2000BCE: dravidians had 2 cities (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro), cities were carefully planned - architecture showed wealth and class - HAD PLUMBING AND RUNNING WATER - had pictogramic written language - had hierarchy - polytheistic: worshipped cattle - NO EVIDENCES OF FIGHTERS OR KINGS - farmed and traded similarly to other rising civilizations - decline: due to environmental degradation - not much known bc have not been able to decipher written language | 37 | |
| 12171404949 | aryan migrations and interactions | - aryans = indo-europeans - nomads and pastoralists - brought HORSES to india, allowed for them to take over - mixed w existing groups | 38 | |
| 12171424275 | aryans | - had clan system (chief + male clan members = committee, was governing body) - NO CENTRAL GVT - bartered, used coins - brought SANSKRIT, passed down stories, spoke Hindi, developed own writing system - VEDAS (knowledge): religious poems, hymns and songs | 39 | |
| 12171456936 | UPANISHADS | - aryan + dravidian beliefs - new concepts - FOUNDATIONAL TO HINDUISM | 40 | |
| 12171473083 | ancient china | - huang he river, created loess (fertile yellow soil) - isolated from rest of world due to geography, allowed for independent development of culture and tech | 41 | |
| 12171501584 | dynasty | series of rulers who all belong to the same family | 42 | |
| 12171489509 | xia dynasty | - 2100 BCE: Yu united region, passed pwr 2 son Qi, - lasted 400 yrs | 43 | |
| 12171508806 | shang dynasty | - 1750 BCE: ruler Tang overthrew Xia leader - lasted for 600 yrs - FIRST CHINESE EMPIRE ESTABLISHED - similar economic structure to other RVCs - had bronze weaponry (military advantage) - polytheistic - began practice of ancestor veneration, believed in afterlife - 1045 BCE: overthrown by Wu | 44 | |
| 12171616196 | zhou dynasty | - ruled for 900yrs, longest lasting empire - 1st 200 yrs: GOLDEN AGE OF CHINA - instituted mandate of heaven - broken up in2 diff regions bc of size - had iron tech - had 1st currency - 800-400CE: decline | 45 | |
| 12171661612 | first american civilizations | - NOT CONNECTED TO A RIVER SYSTEM - corn/maize important crop | 46 | |
| 12171661613 | chavin | - in NE S America - built big temple, had imported materials - 3 major cities w 10,000 ppl per - advanced metallurgy, art - decline: lack of gvt | 47 | |
| 12171697358 | olmec | - mexico, 1200-1400 BCE - known 4 giant monuments of human heads - had earthen pyramids - religious ball game - FIRsT WRITING SYSTEM IN AMERICA, had number system w 0 | 48 | |
| 12171723057 | pacific people | - arrived in oceania 60,000 ya - austronesian speakers: originated in s china, migrated as far as Hawaii, extensive use of canals - easter island: large head statues (repped gods), traded sweet potatoes, pop. grew above carrying capacity, went in2 decline | 49 |
