Terms : Hide Images
| 395553751 | Mediterranean trade | Portugal was a leader in developing sailing innovations, in the Indian Ocean, took control of spice trade from Muslims. took control of Straits of Hormuz, captured Goa, took control of Strait of Malacca, broke trade network form East, Spain, ultimatly claims islands | |
| 395553752 | Line of Demarcation | An imagenary dividing line between Spain and Portugal set by Pope Alexander VI, west-Spain, east-Portugal, due to tense rivalry over land | |
| 395553753 | Daimyo | powerful Samurai that siezed control of old feudal estates, offered peasants and others protection in return for loyalty, became lords in a new kind fo Japanese feudalism | |
| 395553754 | Caravel | a new ship designed in the 1400s, was sturdier than earlier vessels, had triangular sails that allowed it to sail effectively against the wind, Europe | |
| 395553755 | Zheng He | a Chinese Muslim admiral who led 7 voyages of exploration, large expiditions, impressed the world with the power and splendor and expanded China's tribute system | |
| 395553756 | Ming Dynasty | a Chinese Dynasty (1368-1644) Hongwu was the first Emperor, wanted stability in China | |
| 395553757 | Fredrick II | "Fredrick the Great" followed his fathers military policies when he came to power in Prussia but softened some of his father's laws, sent army to Silesia, beginning the war of the Austrian Succession, signed treaty with Britain, attacked Saxony- Seven Years' War | |
| 395553758 | Boyars | Russia's landowning nobles, fought for control of Young Ivan, | |
| 395553759 | Seven Year's War | conflict in Europe, North America, and India form 1756-1763 in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries, did not change territorial situation in Europe, started when Maria Theresa made an alliance with Austria | |
| 395553760 | Thirty Years War | European conflict over religion, over territory and for power among ruling families | |
| 395553761 | Maria Theresa | Charles VI's eldest daughter, hier to all the Hapsburg territories, faced years of war against Prussia, a new state to the north of Austria | |
| 395553762 | War Austrian Succession | Fredrick wanted Austrain land of Silesia because of its products, Maria could not defend lands, Fredrick sent in an army which began the war, Maria asked Hungary for aid and they gave her an army, Britain joined Austria against France and Prussia, Maria lost Silesia | |
| 395553763 | Peter the Great | Sole rular of Russia in 1696, one of Russia's great reformers, increased Czar's power, westernization goal, brought Russia Orthodox Church under state control, set up Holy Synod to run Church, reduced power of great landowners, modernized army, heavy taxes, moved capital to St. Petersburg | |
| 395553764 | Glorious Revolution | the bloodless overthrow of the English King James II and his replacement by William and Mary | |
| 395553765 | Edict of Nates | a declaration of religious tolerance from Henry to France stating that the Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship in some cities | |
| 395553766 | Louis XIV | most powerful rular in French history, hatred towards nobles from a young age, weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils, increased the power of the governmetn agents 'intendants' and made sure that local officials communicated with him regularly, wanted France to attain economic, political, and cultural brillance | |
| 395553767 | Resotration | the period of time in which Charles II entered London and he restored the Monarchy | |
| 395553768 | English Civil War | from 1642-1649 between Supporters (royalists) and Opponents (puritans) of King Charles, Puritans put Charles on trial for treason and got him sentenced the death-Revolutionary, 1st ever king to be faced at the public trial and executed | |
| 395553769 | "divine right" | the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore anserable only to God | |
| 395553770 | Scientific Revolution | a new way of thinking about the natural world, based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs | |
| 395553771 | Johannes Kepler | Brahe's assistant, brilliant mathematician concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion, planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits | |
| 395553772 | Nicolaus Copernicus | heliocentric theory- sun centered theory, wrote "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies" | |
| 395553773 | Galileo | discovered the law of the Pendulum, built telescope tos tudy the heavens, published a news letter 'Starry Messenger', many planetary pbservations, laws of motion, Church didn't like him and put him in jail because his observations were proving that the church had been preaching false information | |
| 395553774 | Isaac Newton | English Scientist, brought toghther the previous breakthroughs under one theory of motion, law of Gravity, wrote "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" | |
| 395553775 | John Locke | philospher, positive view of human nature, believed that people can learn from experience and improve themselves, did not like absolute monarchy and favored self-government, natural rights (life, liberty, and property), citzens can overthrow government if natural rights are not being protected | |
| 395553776 | Enlightenment | an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the Scientific method to all aspects of Society | |
| 395553777 | Congress of VIenna | a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the european leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon | |
| 395553778 | Klemens con Metternich | influential foreign minister of Austria, wanter to keep things as they were, 3 goals -prevent future French agression by surrounding France with strong countreis -restore balance of power -resotre royal families to their origanal thrones | |
| 395553779 | French Estates | 1- Roman Catholic Church's clergy owner 10% of land in France, 2% of income to government 2-rich nobles, owned 20% of land and pain almost no taxes 3-majority of population -bourgeoisie (mechants and artisants) -2nd group (workers cooks, servants) -Peasants (largest group, paid 1/2 income to nobles | |
| 395553780 | French Revolution | Took place in the 1790s, after the American Revolution had been proven to be a success. The French people overthrew the king and his government, and then instituted a series of unsuccessful democratic governments until Napoleon took over as dictator in 1799. | |
| 395553781 | Estates General | an assembly of representatives from all 3 estates - to get approval fro teh tax reform, 1789 at Versailles, called by 2nd estate when Louis tried to tax aristocrats | |
| 395553782 | Reign of Terror | from 1793-1794 when Robespierre goverened France nearly as a dictator, thousands of ardinary citizens and political figures were executed | |
| 395553783 | National Assembly | A French Congress established by representatives of the 3rd estate in 1789 to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people- end of absolute monarchy and beginning of representative government | |
| 395553784 | Jean Paul Marat | prominent radical leader, edited a radical newspaper | |
| 395553785 | Gorges Danton | a revolutionary leader who was devoted to the rights of Paris' poor people, joined the club as a talented spearer | |
| 395553786 | Robespierre | set out to build a "republic of virtue", tried to wipe out every trace of Franc's past monarchy and nobility, changed the calendar to be more scientific, had no SUndays because the radicals considered religion old-fashined and dangerous, also closed all churches in Paris and other towns, "Reign of Terror" | |
| 395553787 | "scorched earth" | a policy that practiced the burning of crops and killing livestock during wartimes so that the enemy cannot live off the land | |
| 395553788 | Giuseppe Mazzini | Italian who organized a nationalist group called Young Italy, briefly headed a Republic government in Rome, believed in nation-states, rebellions led him to exile | |
| 395553789 | Camillo di Cavour | Sardinia's Prime Minister, aristocrat who worked to expand Piedmont-Sardinia's power, achieved the expansion, unification of Italy | |
| 395553790 | Guiseppe Garibaldi | led a small army of Italian Nationalists in Many of 1860, "Red Shirts", votes gave him permission to unite the Southern areas he conqured with teh Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, "Red Shirts" let the Sardinian KIng rule | |
| 395553791 | Otto von Bismark | a conservative Junker who got appointed as prime minister by Wilhelm, master of realpoltic, would become one of the commanding figures of German history | |
| 395553792 | Kaiser | a German Emperor | |
| 395553793 | Industrial Revolution | the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century and later spreads all over the world | |
| 395553794 | Agricultural Revolution | used new seeding and harvesting methods in enclosures, enclosures resulted in landowners experimenting with new agricultural methods and the force of small formers to become tenant farmers or to give up land | |
| 395553795 | John Stuart Mill | a philospher and economist that led the utilitarian movement in the 1800s, questioned unregulated capitalis, helped ordinary people with leading to equal division in profits, favored cooperative agriculture and womes rights | |
| 395553796 | Utilitarianism | introduced by Jeremy Bentham, late 1700s, government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest goodf for the greatest number of people | |
| 395553797 | The Wealth of Nations | written by Adam Smith, defended the idea of free economy, or free markets, 1776 | |
| 395553798 | Adam Smith | from Scotland, defended free economy, wrote "The Wealth of Nations", economic liberty guaranted economic progress, gov. should not interfere with economy | |
| 395553799 | Jeremy Bentham | English philosopher who introduced Utilitarianism, believed that poeple should judge ideas, institutions, and actions based on their utility and usefulness, greatest good for greatest number of people, individuals should be free | |
| 395553800 | Karl Marx | A German journalist who introduced Marxism, had many new ideas and philosophies including the Industrial Revolution, made the rich more wealthy and the poor more impovrished | |
| 395553801 | The Communist Manifesto | a 23- page pamphlet in which Marx and Engels outlined Marxism ideas, argued that human societies have always been divided into warring classes | |
| 395553802 | Socialism | an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all | |
| 395553803 | Muhammed Ali | emerged after Napoleon failed to win Egypt, broke away from Ottoman control, gained control of Syria and Arabia, began a series of reforms, had efforts to modernize Egypt | |
| 395553804 | Suez Canal | supported by Isma'il, a waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez and connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, built with French money and Egyptian labor, british took control through money "Lifeline of the Empire" | |
| 395553805 | Boer War | a conflict in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa | |
| 395553806 | Crimean War | a war between Russians and Ottomasn, named after where it was fought, Britian and France joined Ottoman side, they defeated Russia, women established themselves as army nurses | |
| 395553807 | Ottoman Empire | weak military, even with help from Britain and France they continued to loose lands, lost control of Romania, Montenegro, Cyprus, Bosniam Herzogvina, Bulgaria, and Africa, resulted in Egypt and Prussia initiating political and social reforms | |
| 395553808 | British Empire | used imperialism, outlawed slave trade, Berlin Conferanace gave Britain a protectorate in lands along the Niger River, later claimed all NIgeria, inderect rule of land when they had more diverse colonies, used local officials | |
| 395553809 | Meiji Era | the period of Japanese history during which the country was ruled by Emperor Mutshito | |
| 395553810 | Russo-Japanese War | conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries efforts to dominate Manchura and Korea, Japan wins | |
| 395553812 | Boxer Rebellion | a 1900 rebellion in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country | |
| 395553813 | Opium War | a conflict between Britian and China over Britain's Opium trade in China | |
| 395553814 | Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | a policy stated that said that Germany announced that their submarines would sink without warning any ship in the waters around Britain | |
| 395553815 | Armistice | an agreement to stop fighting | |
| 395553816 | Zimmerman Note | a telegram the British intercepted from Germany's foreign secretary, said that Germany would help Mexico reconquer the land it had lost to the U.S. if Mexico would ally itslef with Germany, made America call a war against Germany | |
| 395553817 | "powder keg of Europe" | Balkans were known as this because they had a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes | |
| 395553818 | Schlieffen Plan | Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia | |
| 395553819 | Franz Ferdinand | Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I | |
| 395553820 | Treaty of Brest-Litousk | aty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917 | |
| 395553821 | League of Nations | an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations | |
| 395553822 | Fourteen points | a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I | |
| 395553823 | Five Year Plans | Stalin outlined the first of several Five-Year Plans for the development of the Soviet Union's economy, they set impossibly high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity, resulted in people facing severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods | |
| 395553824 | Great Purge | When Stalin turned against members of teh Communist Party, a campaign of terror, directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power | |
| 395553825 | Nicholas II | a Russian Czar who refused to surrender any of his power, number of factories doubled | |
| 395553826 | Alexander III | succeeded his father, haulted all Russian reforms, autocracy, wiped out revolutionaries, wanted a uniform Russian culture, made an official language, targeted Jews | |
| 395553827 | Boishevik Revolution | Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained control of the petrograd Sovied and other Soviets in other cities "Peace, Land, and Bread" | |
| 395678354 | Lenin | AKA 'Cladimir Ilyich Ulyanov', major leader of the Bolsheviks, excellent organizer, ruthless | |
| 395678355 | "Long March" | a 6,000-mile journey made by Chinese Communists fleeing from Jiang Jieshi's Nationalist forces | |
| 395678356 | Salt March | Ghandi took his followers to sea coast, made salt, beaking British law, protest at the processing plant and are beaten by the guards, makes international news, gaining international support | |
| 395678357 | Stalin | A Bolshevik, "man of steel", cold, hard, and impersonal, ruthless climb to the head of the government, a general secretary of the Communist Party, placed supporters in key positions, in 1928 he was in total command of the communist party as a dictator | |
| 395678358 | Duma | Russia's first parliament, 1st one met in 1906, wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy, Czar dissolved it after 10 weeks | |
| 395678359 | Jiang Jieshi | headed the Kutomintana after Yxian died, followers were bankers and business people, feared communist's goal of creating a socialist economy, in 1928, he became president of the Nationalist Republic of China | |
| 395678360 | Sun Yixiane | set up a governmetn in south China, ally the Kvomintag with the newly formed communist party, used Lenin's blueprint for organizing his party, hoped to unite all revolutionary groups for common action, had aid from Soviets | |
| 395678361 | Mao Zedong | supported student protestors, became China's greatest revolutionary leader "The Great Helmsman", among the founders of the Chinese Communist Party | |
| 395678362 | Mein Kampf | a book written by Hitler, set forth beliefs for Germany, became the blueprint for the Nazis | |
| 395678363 | Adolf Hitler | joinded the Nazi group and set up a private milita called the Brownshirts, leader of the Nazi's | |
| 395678364 | Lebenssraum | living space, HItler declared that Garmany was over crowded and needed more of it | |
| 395678365 | Nazism | the facist policies of National Socialist German Workers' Party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry | |
| 395678366 | Third Reich | Third German Empire, established by Hitler in teh 1930s | |
| 395678367 | Spanish Civil War | army leaders who favored a Fascist style of governent joined Franco in a revolt beginning this event Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks, and airplanes to helpf forces | |
| 395678368 | Francisco Franco | a general who was joined by other army leaders favoring a facist style of government in a revolt- began civil war | |
| 395678369 | Munich Conference | a meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslavokia in return for Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslavokia's new border | |
| 395678370 | Weimar Republic | the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 adn ended in 1933 | |
| 395678371 | Il Duce | Benito Mussolini's nickname when he came into power and it means the 'duke' or the 'leader' | |
| 395678372 | Benito Mussolini | an Italian dictator, shaping his vision of a totalitarian state | |
| 395678373 | Sudetenland | western border regions of Czechoslovakia, formed main defense against Germany, Hitler demanded that this land be given to Germany | |
| 395678374 | Anchluss | a union between Austria and Germany | |
| 395678375 | Kristallnacht | "Night of Broken Glass" - the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi Storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, business, and synogogues throughout Germany | |
| 395678376 | Blitzkrieg | a military tactic using fast-moving and surprise, first used when the German invaded Poland | |
| 395678377 | Charles de Gaulle | French General who fled to London after the French fell, set up a government-in-exile committed to reconquering France, organized the Free French military forces that battled the Nazis until France was liverated in 1944 | |
| 395678378 | Island Hopping | moving island to island taking them over, costly | |
| 395678379 | Bataan Death March | foreced relocation of prisoners of war by japanese soldieers that resulted in many of them being shot to death by soldiers | |
| 395678380 | Dwight Eisenhower | led the Allies to Operation Torch in Moracco and Algeria | |
| 395678381 | Kamikaze | during World War II, Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink ALlied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them | |
| 395678382 | D-Day | June 6, 1944 - the day on which the ALlies began their invasion of teh European mainland during World War II | |
| 395678383 | Nuremberg Trials | a series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for agression, violations fo the rules of war, and crimes against humanity | |
| 395678384 | Douglas Mac Arthur | commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, believed that storming each island would be a long, costly effor, wanted to 'island-hop' past Japanese strongpoints | |
| 395678385 | Demilitarization of Japanre wars | disbanding the Japanese armed forces, sugjested by MacArthur who wanted to stop future wars, achieved quickly by leaving the Japanese with only a small police force | |
| 395678386 | Dunkirk | a French port city on the English Channel where the Allies escaped to when the German invaded, Great Britain set out to rescue them | |
| 395678387 | Lend-Lease Act | passed in March 1941, the president could lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country vital to the United States | |
| 395678388 | Japanese Victories | siezed Guam and Wake Island in the Pacific, Corregidor, Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya Singapore, etc. over 1 million square miles of lands with about 150 million people | |
| 395678389 | Diet | Japanese parliament set up after defeat in WWII which elects the prime minister of Japan | |
| 395678390 | Battle of the Bulge | a battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II | |
| 395678391 | Battle of Britain | a series of abttles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain, AIR WAR | |
| 395678392 | Battle of Midway | a sea and air battle of World War II, in which American forces defeated Japanese forces in the Central Pacific | |
| 395678394 | Battle of Stalingrad | a battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union | |
| 395678396 | Non-agression Pact | an agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another | |
| 395678398 | Pearl Harborn | where Japanese Attacked, next day, congress declared war on Japan "date which will live in infamy" | |
| 395678399 | "Final Solution" | HItler's plan of genocide, the systematic killing of an entire people, in this case the Jews | |
| 395678400 | Atomic bombs | German scientists sucess in splitting the nucleus of a Uranium atom on the eve of World War II | |
| 395678401 | Oil embargo | us refusal to sell oil to Japan due to its military expansion prior to US involvemetn in WWII | |
| 395678402 | Internment Camps | during World War II, where Japanese Ameicans were held | |
| 395678403 | Isolationism | a policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries | |
| 395678404 | NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization- a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten western european nations, the United States, and Canada | |
| 395678405 | Marshall Plan | a US program of economic aid to European countries to help them reibuild after World War II | |
| 395678406 | Brinkmanship | willingness to go to the brink/edge of war | |
| 395678407 | Containment | a US foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the US tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances | |
| 395678408 | Cultural Revolution | an uprising in China, led by the Red Guards, with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in whcih all were equal | |
| 395678409 | 38th parallel | defines the border between north and south Korea, current border | |
| 395678410 | Cuban Missle Crisis | failed Bay of Pigs leads to believe the U.S. will not resist Soviet expansion into S and C America, Soviets build missle sites in Cuba, once found out America demands they be dismantled, leads to stand off, missles taken out and America agrees NOT to invade Cuba | |
| 395678411 | Iron Curtain | a speech in 1946, Churchill wants to worn off the Soviet Union, communism is expanding to Europe, Britain wants to join with the US against the threat of Soviet domination | |
| 395678412 | Truman Doctrine | to premit the admisitration to step into the preotector's position being vacated by Great Britain, set the stage for U.S. aid to regimes that were threatened by communist insurgencies throughout the Cold War Era | |
| 395678413 | Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese nationalist and leader of the Indochinese Communist party, gains independence for North Vietnam | |
| 395678414 | Domino Theory | Eisenhower suggested the southeast Asian nations were like a row of dominos, the fall of one of Communism would lead to the flall of its neibors | |
| 395678415 | Berlin Blockade | The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift. | |
| 395678416 | Afghanistan | 1979 Soviets invade this country | |
| 395678417 | Sputnik | first man-made Satilitte in space, Russian, starts Space Race | |
| 395678418 | Warsaw Pact | an alliance between the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania | |
| 395678419 | Bay of Pigs | 1960 CIA plans invasion of Cuba begins training anti-Castro Cuban exiles, Kennedy agrees to go throgh with it but DOES NOT SEND AIR SUPPORT, fails | |
| 397312103 | Detente | general easing of relations between the Soviet Union and teh US in 1971 | |
| 397312104 | Meiji era | reforms and modernization by Emperor, ends Japan's isolation and shogun rule, best way was to ADAPT AND CHANGE | |
| 397312105 | Sino Japanese War | Japan pushing China out of Korea and the rest of Manchuria |
