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| 13734768165 | Geocentric Theory | >Earth-centered view of the universe. >Came from Aristotle and was expanded on by Ptolemy. |  | 0 |
| 13734780570 | Scientific Revolution | As old assumptions were replaced with new theories, it launched a change in European thought, a new way of thinking about the natural world that was based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs. | 1 | |
| 13734814106 | Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe after studying for 25 years, he did not publish his findings until 1543. He received a copy of his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, on his deathbed. |  | 2 |
| 13734823443 | Heliocentric Theory | The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun, did not completely explain why the planets orbited the way they did. |  | 3 |
| 13734851045 | Tycho Brahe | Danish astronomer who collected data to prove that Copernicus was correct. | 4 | |
| 13734858682 | Johannes Kepler | Brahe's assistant, a brilliant mathematician who continued his work, concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. One of these laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits. | 5 | |
| 13734879854 | Galileo Galilei | Italian scientist, built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens in 1609. He announced that Jupiter had four moons and that the sun had dark spots, the earth's moon had a rough, uneven surface (which shattered Aristotle's theory that the moon and stars were made of a pure, perfect substance). Lived under house arrest and died in 1642 at his villa near Florence. |  | 6 |
| 13734917948 | Starry Messenger (1610) | Written by Galileo, contains numerous observations made through his telescope. And contains results of early observations. |  | 7 |
| 13734926778 | Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) | Written by Galileo, presented the ideas of both Copernicus and Ptolemy, but it clearly showed that he supported the Copernican theory. |  | 8 |
| 13734940479 | Scientific Method | A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. It begins with a problem or question arising from an observation, next form a hypothesis, the hypothesis is then tested in an experiment or on the basis of data. In the final step, analyze and interpret the data to reach a new conclusion. It either confirms or disproves the hypothesis. | 9 | |
| 13734959200 | Francis Bacon | An English statesman and writer, believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people's lives. He urged scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions. This approach is called empiricism, or the experimental method. | 10 | |
| 13734971941 | René Descartes | A mathematician, developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry, he relied on mathematics and logic to gain knowledge. Believed that everything should be doubted until proved by reason. He wrote, "I think, therefore I am." | 11 | |
| 13734994822 | Isaac Newton | English scientist, Newton studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University, he discovered that the same force ruled motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space. Newton believed that God was the creator of this orderly universe, the clockmaker who had set everything in motion. |  | 12 |
| 13735022538 | Law of Universal Gravitation | Every object in the universe attracts every other object, the degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them. | 13 | |
| 13735032984 | The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) | Written by Isaac Newton, he described the universe like a giant clock, its parts all worked together perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically. | 14 | |
| 13735049305 | Zacharias Janssen | Dutch maker of eyeglasses, invented the first microscope in 1590. | 15 | |
| 13735064264 | Anton van Leeuwenhoek | Dutch drapery merchant and amateur scientist, used a microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings and red blood cells for the first time in the 1670s, | 16 | |
| 13735073496 | Evangelista Torricelli | One of Galileo's students, developed the first mercury barometer, a tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather in 1643. | 17 | |
| 13735074799 | Gabriel Fahrenheit | German physicist, made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass in 1714, his thermometer showed water freezing at 32°. | 18 | |
| 13735080687 | Anders Celsius | Swedish astronomer, created another scale for the mercury thermometer in 1742. His scale showed freezing at 0°. | 19 | |
| 13735114764 | Galen | Ancient Greek physician, European doctors had accepted his writings as fact, however, he had never dissected the body of a human being, only pigs and other animals. | 20 | |
| 13735131160 | Andreas Vesalius | Flemish physician, proved Galen's assumptions wrong, he dissected human corpses and published his observations. | 21 | |
| 13735140461 | On the Structure of the Human Body (1543) | Written by Andreas Vesalius, filled with detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle. | 22 | |
| 13735149468 | Edward Jenner | British physician, Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent smallpox in the late 1700s. He discovered that inoculation with germs from a cattle disease called cowpox gave permanent protection from smallpox for humans, used it to produce the world's first vaccination. | 23 | |
| 13735168155 | Robert Boyle | Pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry, considered the "Founder of Modern Chemistry." Boyle's most famous contribution to chemistry is Boyle's law. This law explains how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other. | 24 | |
| 13735176617 | The Sceptical Chymist (1661) | Written by Robert Boyle, challenged Aristotle's idea that the physical world consisted of four elements—earth, air, fire, and water, he instead proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways. | 25 |
