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| 3839341390 | Galileo Galilei | (1564 - 1642) Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. born in Pisa. | 0 | |
| 3839341391 | patrons | rich people who funded artists | 1 | |
| 3839341392 | Michelangelo | (1475-1564)one of the most inspired men ever | 2 | |
| 3839341393 | leonardo da vinci | (1452-1519) painter, sculptor, architect, engineer | 3 | |
| 3839341394 | Humanism | celebrated the individual, stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture, was supported by wealthy patrons | 4 | |
| 3839341395 | Raphael | As a young man, he studied under Perugino and therefore had considerable access to both extensive professional knowledge and patronage. Later, while in Florence, the artist was strongly influenced by the work of Leonardo and Michelangelo. Yet, despite the various influences on his work, he developed an individual style which was entirely his own. | 5 | |
| 3841163099 | Vernacular | being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | 6 | |
| 3841163100 | Printing press | Gutenberg, invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda; laid basis for formation of distinct political parties; enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjects | 7 | |
| 3841163101 | Indulgence | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 8 | |
| 3841163102 | Martin Luther | (1483-1546)German theologian who led the Reformation- believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds. His father Hans owned mines and wanted Martin to do better than him by pursuing his life in law. So, Martin applied to the school. While walking along a country road on his way to school in July, a summer storm came up and a lightening bolt struck Martin on the ground. In fear, he sent a prayer to St. Anne stating that he would become a monk if she saved him. Keeping his promise, he became a monk, but found that he wasn't all that interested. While on a trip to Rome he got upset because he saw the high church officials selling indulgences and simony to the people, living large, and looking down on the people. So, on Oct. 31, 1517 he wrote 95 statements named, "The 95 Theses" and tacked them on the front door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany for all to see. This started the Protestant Reformation. | 9 | |
| 3841163103 | Isaac Newton | Described basic principles of motion and gravity | 10 | |
| 3841163104 | Henry VIII | English king who ruled with absolute power. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church | 11 | |
| 3841163105 | Perspective | the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point. | 12 | |
| 3842823317 | Gothic durning Renaissance | The style of agriculture the flourished during the high in late medieval period | 13 | |
| 3842862572 | Johannes Gutenberg | (1395-1468) German and mentor that develop a method of movable type in used it to create the printing press | 14 | |
| 3842933606 | William Shakespeare | (1564-1616) he was married to Anne Hathaway gave birth six months after their marriage he began working at the Globe Theatre he was a professional poet of Avon | 15 | |
| 3843108146 | Ninety five theses | The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (original Latin: Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum) were written by Martin Luther and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. | 16 | |
| 3843184341 | John Calvin | (1509-1564) he was a leader of the protestant reformation when he was 13 his father sent him a way to study green and Roman writers and when he was studying he became convinced that the truth of the reformation was that he was haunted as a heretic and fled in disguised to Switzerland | 17 | |
| 3843205443 | Predestination | Theory created by John Calvin which states that God has already choosen who is going to heaven at birth | 18 | |
| 3843258469 | Sects | A group that has separated from an established church A nonconformist church has different religious beliefs | 19 | |
| 3843300902 | Henry VII | : Katharine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Katharine Parr. The six wives of King Henry VIII were a disparate group of women united only by their marriages to Bluff King Hal. | 20 | |
| 3843355990 | Mary Tudor | She killed Protestants nickname bloody Mary Mary Successor was Elizabeth I her mom was Catherine of argon father Henry V11 died by natural causes | 21 | |
| 3850353640 | Elizabeth I | Parents King Henry VII and Anne Boleyn. Her mom was executed when she was three years old she was forced to live with her father's former wife Katherine Parr she gained the throne in 1558 died by blood poisoning | 22 | |
| 3850424433 | Protestant Reformation | The movement against the holy roman church, sparked by luther because of the corruption , a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 23 | |
| 3850447450 | Prince Edward | (1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer. | 24 | |
| 3850485763 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 25 | |
| 3850501270 | Inquisition | In the late 1400s, this special tribunal of the Catholic Church was created to investigate the sincerity of Spanish Conversos, Jewish Spaniards who had recently converted to Christianity. | 26 | |
| 3850555032 | Born in Torun, Poland german name was Mikolaj Kopernik. his concept was The idea of the heliocentric solar system where the Earth revolves around the sun.died on February 19, he was a Astronomy, mathematics, science, economics, and latin | 27 | ||
| 3850584115 | Heliocentric | The theory that the earth revolves around the sun this theory was developed in parts by different astronomers over many years, namely Aristarchus, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. | 28 | |
| 3850613312 | Johannes Kepler | German astronomer mathematicians he discovered three laws of planetary motion that changed the study of astronomy | 29 | |
| 3850630654 | Heretic | A baptized person who holds controversial opinions especially one who publicly dissents from the officially accepted dogma of the Roman Catholic Church not out of ignorance and who willfully refuses to be corrected | 30 | |
| 3850648751 | Francis Bacon | English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific | 31 | |
| 3850661506 | Rene Descartes | Dualist. Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); advocated for the scientific method; used mathematics and logic to form his conclusions; Wrote "Discourse on Method"; 1st principle "i think therefore i am"; believed mind and matter were completely separate; known as father of modern rationalism and Cartesian dualism | 32 | |
| 3850682507 | Scientific method | the steps scientists use to create explanations based on the evidence they gather | 33 | |
| 3850694327 | Prince Henry | (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | 34 | |
| 3850702834 | Vasco de gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean | 35 | |
| 3850710155 | Treaty of tordesillas | In 1494 Spain and Portugal wre disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spainish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east. | 36 | |
| 3850716615 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain | 37 | |
| 3850725098 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer who discovered the st. lawrence river, and gave france its claim to canada | 38 | |
| 3850753570 | Cartographer | Is the study and practice of making maps combine science cartographer is builds on the preemies that reality can be modeled in ways of communication | 39 | |
| 3850763602 | Christopher Columbus | the explorer who found the New World while searching for a sea route to the Indies | 40 | |
| 3850775704 | The line of demarcation | was a line,drawn by the pope, that divided the world in half to settle differences between Portugal and Spain. | 41 | |
| 3850798182 | John Cabot | In 1497, John Cabot reached the east coast of Canada.He was from England, but sailed for Canada.discovered the Grand Banks waters which were rich with fish. | 42 | |
| 3850816731 | Bartholomeau Diaz | A Portuguese explorer in 1488, explored the Cape of Good hope which at the time was great | 43 | |
| 3850854267 | Hernan Cortes | A Spanish conquistador, an expedition he led, Because of him, the Aztecs lay dead. | 44 | |
| 3850892121 | Cape of good hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India. | 45 | |
| 3850902559 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 46 | |
| 3850919025 | New France | french colonies in north america | 47 | |
| 3850927585 | Encomiendas | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 48 | |
| 3850932763 | Conquistadors | Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro) | 49 | |
| 3850940984 | Samuel de champlain | was a French explorer who sailed to the West Indies, Mexico, and Panama. He wrote many books telling of his trips to Mexico City and Niagara Falls. His greatest accomplishment was his exploration of the St. Lawrence River and his latter settlement of Quebec. | 50 | |
| 3850955490 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor | 51 | |
| 3850960956 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | 52 | |
| 3850978160 | Gold coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. | 53 | |
| 3850985517 | Montezuma | Aztec chieftan; encountered Cortes and the Spanish and saw that they rode horses; Montezuma assumed that the Soanush were gods. He welcomed them hospitably, but the explorers soon turned on the natives and ruled them for three centuries. | 54 | |
| 3851007412 | Downfall of Aztecs | The loss of people in a loss that can't be calculated. Who knows how it would have been different if these people and their children had swelled the ranks that fought the Spanish, not to mention the other contributions And although the Aztecs certainly weren't the first people ever to sacrifice humans, the fact that they did and the incredible number they sacrificed led to the hatred of some of the surrounding peoples. The powerful city-state of Tlaxcala was one of these. Many of their own had been sacrificed, and in the end they joined the Spaniards to fight the Aztecs. It may be that the Spanish simply were an excuse to start what was already an inevitable civil war. | 55 | |
| 3851024332 | Jamestown | In 1607, three English ships carrying about 120 colonists reached the eastern coast of Virginia. They sailed up a river they named the James River in honor of King James, | 56 | |
| 3851036877 | Massachusetts Bay colony | A Puritan Colony started by John Winthrop near Plymouth around 1630. Eventually, in 1691, Plymouth Colony joined with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. | 57 | |
| 3851059892 | Plymouth | The first successful English colony in New England, founded in 1620. The Plymouth Colony was made up of Cape Cod and lands to the west. It exported lumber, furs, and preserved fish, and became part of the much larger Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691. | 58 | |
| 3851066323 | Puritans | People who wanted to "purify" the Church of England by having very plain religious services and buildings and by having stricter rules. The Pilgrims (Separatists) were Puritans who broke away from the Church of England. The Puritans did not break away from the Church of England. | 59 | |
| 3851073279 | Pilgrims | People who journey (make a pilgrimage) to holy places. The Separatists who founded the Plymouth colony thou | 60 | |
| 3851079040 | Mayflower Compact | A document signed by 41 male passengers of the Mayflower on November 21, 1620, before they landed in New England. By signing this document, they agreed to make and abide by certain laws in their new colony. Because the Mayflower Compact contained the idea of governing by consent, as well as of having a written framework for a government (a Constitution), it is one of the most important American historical documents. | 61 | |
| 3850459364 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 62 | |
| 3851118372 | French and Indian war | was fought between England and France.War was fought between 1754 and 1763.The Treaty Of Paris ended the French and Indian War and gave control of all French land in North America to England.Was also called seven years war | 63 | |
| 3851141081 | Plantation | involved driving the Irish out of a particular region and settling or planting that area with people who were loyal to the crown. These people would speak the English language and practice English laws and customs. Between the 1550's and the 1650's Four Plantations took place in Ireland. Each plantation was the result of a rebellion by the Irish who were trying to resist the extension of English control over Ireland. | 64 | |
| 3851148176 | Middle passage | The second leg of the triangular trade and a trip meant to "break the will" of the slaves | 65 | |
| 3851155434 | Triangular trade | A 3-part merchant's route in which MANUFACTURED GOODS were traded for SLAVES and thusly SUGAR/COFFEE/CHOCOLATE | 66 | |
| 3851171098 | Missionaries | People who travel far from home for an extended period of time to spread the faith and help others | 67 | |
| 3851176297 | Inflation | An increase in the average level of prices of goods and services. | 68 | |
| 3851185032 | Price revolutions | when the population increased and therefore the prices increased because of the higher demands and lower supplies | 69 | |
| 3851192799 | Mercantilism | Economic system aimed at self-reliance and strengthening the national economy by accumulating bullion, gaining colonies, and establishing a favorable balance of trade | 70 | |
| 3851198946 | Commercial revolution | the expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries | 71 | |
| 3851206001 | Imports for Americas | Goods/services purchased by consumers from overseas producers. | 72 | |
| 3851209865 | Exports for Americas | goods/services produced in one country yet supplied to consumers in another | 73 |
