Holt World History Chapter 15
649318209 | Renaissance | "rebirth" a philosphical and artistic movement and the era when that movement flourished. Marked by a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman literature and life. A new emphasis on the power of human reason developed and many advances were made in the arts and sciences | |
649318210 | Humanist | People who study tthe humanities. Italian scholars turned to classical Greek and Roman literature to study grammar, history, poetry and rhetoric. They searched out manuscripts written in Greek and Latin | |
649318211 | Perspective | A technique used by Renaissance artist to make their paintings more lifelike. They made distant objects smaller than those in the foreground of the painting. This technique created the illusion of depth on the flat canvas | |
649318212 | Birth Place of the Renaissance | Renaissance began in Italy. Ruins of the Roman Empire reminded Italians of Roman glory. | |
649318213 | Isabella d"este | The court of Isabella d'Este was one of the most brilliant of the Italian Renaissance. Educated in languages and poetry, Isabella was a woman of keen intelligence and power. Isabella used her wealth to support artists and scholars. She housed many writers, sculptors, and painters in her own court and hired famous architects to design parts of her palace. She was the subject of several paintings | |
649318214 | Franciso Petrarch | One of the first humanists who lived from 1304 to 1374. Like many humanists, Petrarch became famous as a scholar and a teacher. He also wrote poetry. His sonnets to Laura, an imaginary ideal woman, are considered some of the greatest love poems in literature. Petrarch's main influence grew out of his desire to continue the work of the classical writers. Petrarch believed that the classical writers were committed to virtue in public and private life. He thought these writers could best be imitated by studying their writings. The study of ancient Greek and Roman literature came to be called classical education. Knowledge of classical Greek and Latin became the mark of an educated person. Petrarch thought it important to lead a full and active life here on earth. He also worried that his desire for fame, a relatively common ambition, might hurt his chances for salvation. | |
649318215 | Niccolo Machiavelli | A Florentine diplomat and historian, lived from 1469 to 1527. In 1513 he wrote the essay The Prince. Machiavelli sought to describe government not in terms of lofty ideals but in the way it actually worked. He argued that a ruler should be concerned only with power and political success. Today some people refer to ruthless behavior to get ahead as "Machiavellian." | |
649318216 | Leonardo da Vinci | Lived from 1452 to 1519, was a man of many talents. He was an architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, and scientist. He made sketches of plants and animals, as well as detailed drawings of a flying machine and a submarine. Da Vinci's science improved the quality of his paintings. His studies in anatomy helped him draw realistic human figures. He used mathematics to organize the space in his paintings. People throughout the world still marvel at his mural The Last Supper. Perhaps his most famous painting is the portrait called the Mona Lisa. | |
649318217 | Michelangelo | A master of Renaissance art. lived from 1475 to 1564. A brilliant painter. Millions of people have visited the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican, the residence of the pope in Rome, to view the frescoes Michelangelo painted on the chapel ceiling. His sculptures of biblical figures such as David also continue to be admired. In addition to his art, Michelangelo wrote poetry and helped to design St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. | |
649318218 | Johannes Gutenberg | Scholars believe that in about 1450, Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, became the first European to use movable type to print books. Gutenberg used his printing press to print copies of the Bible. Not all Europeans were enthusiastic about Gutenberg's invention. Some complained that books printed on paper would not last long. Others noted that hand-copied manuscripts were far more beautiful than printed books. Scribes, who made a living by hand-copying manuscripts, realized that the printing press threatened their profession. The impact of Gutenberg's work was economic as well as social and technological. | |
649318219 | Printing Press | a machine with moveable type, that was used to print books in mass quantities | |
649318220 | Desiderium Erasmus | The most influential humanist of northern Europe.A Dutch scholar who lived from about 1466 to 1536. As a young man, Erasmus entered a monastery. He later left the monastery so he could pursue his studies of the classics. Erasmus learned about the ideas of the Italian humanists from printed books. Unlike the Italian humanists, Erasmus and other northern humanists were interested in the early Christian period as well as early Greek and Roman culture. Erasmus believed that the ideas of Christianity and of classical civilization could be harmonized. He used the critical method of the Italian humanists to study the Bible. Erasmus and other northern humanists criticized the church's lack of spirituality. They believed that medieval scholars had made Christian faith less spiritual and more complicated and ceremonial. Erasmus argued for a return to the original, simple message of Jesus. Erasmus's most famous book was entitled "The Praise of Folly". In this book he ridiculed ignorance, superstition, and vice among Christians. He criticized fasting, pilgrimages to religious shrines, and even the church's interpretation of the Bible. | |
649318221 | Thomas More | an English humanist and friend of Erasmus. Early in life More showed an interest in the classics, and in 1516 he published Utopia. In this work, More condemned governments as corrupt and argued that private ownership of property causes unnecessary conflicts between people. He contrasted life in Europe with his description of an imaginary, ideal society. The word utopia has come to mean "an ideal place or society." In More's imaginary world, all male citizens were equal. Everyone worked to support the society. Later in life More served King Henry VIII of England. Because More refused to agree that the king was the supreme head of the church in England, Henry had him executed. Some 400 years later, the Catholic Church made More a saint for his faith and service to the church. | |
649318222 | William Shakespeare | Stands out as the leading literary figure of the time. Shakespeare built on the traditions established by Marlowe and other playwrights. Shakespeare's great strength lay in his ability to transform well-known stories into dramatic masterpieces. He portrayed personality and human emotions with a skill that few writers have matched. The moody Hamlet, the young lovers Romeo and Juliet, and the tragic Macbeth seem as real today as when Shakespeare created them. | |
649318223 | Flemish Schools | Group of painters who perfected the technique of oil painting on canvas | |
649318224 | Protestant Reformation | In about 1500 several northern humanists argued that the Roman Catholic Church had lost sight of its spiritual mission. Their claims would lead to a reform movement that would split the church in western Europe. This religious revolution is called the Reformation. Some northern humanists maintained that the church seemed more interested in its income than in saving souls. They claimed that the popes acted as political leaders and warriors instead of setting an example of moral leadership. Some priests engaged in vice and misconduct instead of encouraging spiritual and moral behavior. These northern humanists sought a new emphasis on personal faith and spirituality. The Catholic Church, however, ignored their concerns. The humanists then urged believers who were unhappy with traditional religion to withdraw from the church and meet with like-minded people | |
649318225 | Martin Luther | Martin Luther never wanted to leave the Roman Catholic Church. As a priest and teacher, he was strongly committed to his religious beliefs. He felt it necessary, however, to challenge certain church practices that he believed were unnecessary or wrong. The church responded by throwing Luther out. Luther developed beliefs that later became known as Lutheranism. Luther taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner. The only thing that counted, Luther decided, was an inner faith in God. People could receive salvation only through the grace of God, not through their own actions. According to Luther, simple faith could lead everyone to salvation. This idea was called "justification by grace through faith." | |
649318226 | Indulgences | Pardons for punishment for sins...sold for money instead of salvation. (Luther claimed that Tetzel committed a grave error by asking people to give up money for false promises of forgiveness.) | |
649318227 | 95 Theses | In 1517 Luther challenged Tetzel. He posted his 95 theses, or statements, about indulgences on a church door | |
649318228 | Frederick the Wise | The Elector of Saxony (Luther's home state). Frederick whisked Luther away to hide until the uproar over the confrontation at the Diet of Worms died down. While under the protection of Frederick, Luther translated the Bible into German. Now all literate Christians in the German states could read the Bible themselves | |
649318229 | Vernacular | ... | |
649318230 | Roman Emperor Charles V | Summoned Luther to appear before the Imperial Diet, a special meeting of the empire's rulers, at the city of Worms (VOHRMZ). There Luther was commanded to abandon his ideas. He refused. After the Diet of Worms the emperor declared Luther an outlaw and banned the printing and sale of his works. However, he lacked the power to enforce this ruling | |
649318231 | Imperial Diet of Worms | a special meeting of the empire's rulers, at the city of Worms (VOHRMZ). | |
649318232 | Peace of Augsburg | Charles V tried to stop the spread of Protestantism. At first his attention was focused on fighting the Ottoman Turks and the French. Finally, in 1546, he sent his armies against the Protestant princes in Germany. Although his armies won most of the battles, the emperor could not defeat the princes or the Lutheran Church. Charles finally reached a compromise with the princes in 1555. The Peace of Augsburg stated that each German ruler had the right to choose the religion for his state. His subjects had to either accept the ruler's decision or move away. Almost all the princes of the northern German states chose Luther's faith in opposition to Rome. | |
649318233 | Lutheranism | Luther developed beliefs that later became known as Lutheranism. Luther taught that ceremonies and good deeds made no difference in saving a sinner. The only thing that counted, Luther decided, was an inner faith in God. People could receive salvation only through the grace of God, not through their own actions. According to Luther, simple faith could lead everyone to salvation. This idea was called "justification by grace through faith | |
649318234 | John Calvin | In Switzerland John Calvin founded a Protestant church that had a strong following Then in 1536 he formulated and published a complete and clear set of religious beliefs, The Institutes of the Christian Religion. This work explained exactly what the faithful should believe on every major religious question. Calvin's followers—called Calvinists—now had a code that united and strengthened them against opposition and persecution. Like Luther, Calvin relied on faith and on the Bible. Calvin also emphasized predestination, the idea that at the beginning of time God had decided who would be saved. Predestination was a common belief among Protestant thinkers in the 1500s. Calvin explained the logic of predestination. Those who were predestined—or chosen beforehand—for salvation were called "the elect." They formed a special community of people who were expected to follow the highest moral standards. These standards placed great emphasis on self-discipline. The individual was expected to be completely dedicated to God's wishes. | |
649318235 | Calvinism | The followers of John Calvin. Relied on faith and the bible and the belief in predestination | |
649318236 | Counter/Catholic Reformation | In the 1530s the Catholic Church started a major reform effort known as the Counter-Reformation. It is sometimes called the Catholic Reformation. The Counter-Reformation began as an attempt to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters. It also allowed the church to make its doctrines more clear. In addition, it was a campaign to stop the spread of Protestantism. OR Attempt by the Catholic Church, following the Reformation, to return the church to an emphasis on spiritual matters. | |
649318237 | King Henry VIII | In England the Protestant Reformation came about in an entirely different way than in Germany. It was the king, Henry VIII, who caused the break between England and the Roman Catholic Church. The break was a political move that had little to do with religious beliefs. In fact, before 1529, Henry VIII had defended the church against Luther's teachings. The pope had even granted Henry the title "Defender of the Faith." England's break with Rome took place because Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry was unhappy because Catherine had not had a son who could succeed him. The royal couple did have a daughter, Mary. However, England had no tradition of a ruling queen. Henry also wanted a divorce because he hoped to marry Anne Boleyn, a lady-in-waiting at the court. The Catholic Church did not usually permit divorces. Although the pope was allowed to make exceptions to this general rule, Pope Clement VII refused to meet Henry's demand. This angered Henry. The king withdrew England from the Catholic Church and began a new church. Parliament passed a series of laws that created the Church of England, with the king as its head. Also known as the Anglican Church, the Church of England kept the organization and ceremonies of the Catholic Church. Over time, it also adopted some Protestant doctrines. The Anglican Church granted Henry VIII a divorce. The king eventually married six times in all. He finally fathered a son, the future Edward VI. Of greater importance, Henry VIII's creation of the Anglican Church paved the way for the Protestant Reformation in England | |
649318238 | Anglican Church | The Church Henry VIII created after he withdrew England from the Catholic church because they wouldn't grant him a divorce | |
649318239 | Huguenot | People who lived in France that converted to Calvinism (about 1/3 of Frances population was converted, the other 2/3 was catholic) | |
649318240 | Edict of nantes | 1598, King Hentry IV issued the Edict of Nantes. This proclaimation gave the Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights | |
649318241 | Inquisition | Pope Paul III, who reigned as pope from 1534 to 1549, worked to revive a spiritual outlook in the Catholic Church. He appointed devout and learned men as bishops and cardinals. Pope Paul III also brought the Inquisition to Rome. Since 1478 Spanish authorities had been putting accused heretics on trial. Punishments included extreme cruelties such as burning at the stake. In the past, governments had sometimes used extreme punishments against criminals and traitors. Now the church also used them. The leaders of the Inquisition did not focus on punishing Protestants. Instead, they regarded it as their responsibility to keep Catholics within the church. | |
649318242 | Index of Forbidden Books | A list of books, established by Pope Paul IV (1559), that Catholics were banned from reading because they were considered harmful to faith and morals. The index revealed the role of the printing press in spreading the reformation. Before printing presses, the church could easily find and burn manuscripts. Once books started to be printed, it was easier to forbid people from reading them | |
649318243 | Council of Trent | Meeting of church leaders in the 1500s to clearly define Catholic doctrines for the Counter-Reformation. Met in the Italian city of Trent | |
649318244 | Jesuits | Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius de Loyola in 1534. Loyola believed that salvation could be achieved, in part, by doing good deeds. His followers took vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience to the pope. | |
649318245 | Ignatiusm de Loyala | founded the Jesuits in 1534 | |
649318246 | Explain the main characteristics of the Renaissance | Support the arts People should lead a meaningful life Belief in human dignity Education is critical approach Admoration for individual achievement | |
649318247 | Was the Counter/Catholic Reformation a success?? Why or why not? | Catholic church countered the Protestant Reformation by making its own reforms. |