Terms : Hide Images
| 55222811 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 0 | |
| 55222812 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chiefly religious pilgrimage point in Islam. | 1 | |
| 55222813 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750. | 2 | |
| 55222814 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam. | 3 | |
| 55222815 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca. | 4 | |
| 55222816 | Muhammad | Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter, died in 632. | 5 | |
| 55222817 | Qur'an | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. | 6 | |
| 55222818 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a. | 7 | |
| 55222819 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligation for all Muslims. | 8 | |
| 55222820 | five pillars | The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj. | 9 | |
| 55222821 | Ramadan | Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset. | 10 | |
| 55222822 | hajj | A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba. | 11 | |
| 55222823 | caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad. | 12 | |
| 55222824 | Abu Bakr | One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community. | 13 | |
| 55222825 | Ridda Wars | Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some larger clans; restored unity of Islam. | 14 | |
| 55222826 | jihads | Struggle; often used for wars in the defense of the faith. | 15 | |
| 55222827 | Sunni | Political and theological division within Islam; supported by Umayyads. | 16 | |
| 55222828 | Shi'a | Also known as Shi'ites; political and the theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. | 17 | |
| 55222829 | Husayn | Ali's second son; abandoned by the clans in southern Iraq, who had promised to rise in a revolt supporting his claims against the Umayyads, Husayn and a small party were overwhelmed and killed at Karbala in 680. From that point on, the Shi'a mounted sustained resistance to the Umayyad caliphate. | 18 | |
| 55222830 | Damascus | Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate. | 19 | |
| 55222831 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliph within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.. | 20 | |
| 55222832 | Baghdad | Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon. | 21 | |
| 55222833 | mosque | A Muslim place of worship. | 22 | |
| 55284066 | medieval | The period in Western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century. | 23 | |
| 55284067 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th century to the 11th century. | 24 | |
| 55284068 | manorialism | System that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rent for access to land. | 25 | |
| 55284069 | serfs | Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia and other regions. | 26 | |
| 55284070 | mercenaries | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to impose tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. | 27 | |
| 55284071 | vassals | Members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a feudal lord in return for military service and loyalty. | 28 | |
| 55284072 | feudalism | The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and the vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. | 29 | |
| 55284073 | moldboard | Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system. | 30 | |
| 55284074 | three-field systems | System of agricultural cultivation by the 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow. | 31 | |
| 55284075 | Clovis | Early Frankish king; converted Franks to Christianity c. 496; allowed establishment of Frankish kingdom. | 32 | |
| 55284076 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in the 10th century. | 33 | |
| 55284077 | renaissance | Cultural and politicial movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages. | 34 | |
| 55284078 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | 35 | |
| 55284079 | Battle of Tours | Charles Martel was responsible for defeating the Muslims in the battle of Tours in 732, although his victory had more to do with the Arab exhaustion and an overextended invasion force than Carolingian strength. | 36 | |
| 55284080 | Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany c. 800. | 37 | |
| 55284081 | Holy Roman emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following the split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. | 38 | |
| 55284082 | William the Conquerer | Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. | 39 | |
| 55284083 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; re-conquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. | 40 | |
| 55284084 | Peter Abelard | Author of 'Yes and No'; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine. | 41 | |
| 55284085 | Thomas Aquinas | Creater of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several 'Summas'; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God. | 42 | |
| 55284086 | scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century. | 43 | |
| 55284087 | gothic | An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls. | 44 | |
| 55284088 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 45 | |
| 55284089 | guilds | Sworn associations of people in the same business or crafts in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. | 46 | |
| 55284090 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. | 47 |
