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| 81001746 | macromolecule | a giant molecule of living matter formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually by condensation synthesis | |
| 81001747 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds | |
| 81001748 | monomers | the small repeating molecules that serve as the building blocks of polymers | |
| 81001749 | condensation reaction | a reaction connecting monomers in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule | |
| 81001750 | dehydration reaction | a reaction in which a molecule loses water (also called a condensation reaction) | |
| 81001751 | hydrolysis | a process that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction. It breaks bonds between monomers with the addition of a water molecule | |
| 81027554 | carbohydrates | a group including both sugars and their polymers | |
| 81027555 | monosaccharides | the simplest carbohydrate active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysacharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas are generally multiple of CH2O | |
| 81027556 | disaccharide | consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage | |
| 81027557 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | |
| 81027558 | polysaccharides | a polymer of up to a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis | |
| 81027559 | starch | a storage polysaccharide of plants, its a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers | |
| 81027560 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of animals; the animal equivalent of starch | |
| 81027561 | cellulose | a polysaccharide that is the major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells | |
| 81027562 | chitin | the carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons | |
| 81027563 | lipids | compounds with no affinity to water and do not include polymers | |
| 81027564 | fat | large molecules constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids | |
| 81027565 | fatty acid | has a long carbon chain varying in the length, location and number of double bonds | |
| 81027566 | triacylglycerol | a fat consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | |
| 81027567 | saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbon in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton | |
| 81027568 | unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail | |
| 81027569 | phospholipids | similar to fats, but they have only two fatty acids rather than three | |
| 81027570 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings | |
| 81027571 | cholesterol | a steroid that is a common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized | |
| 81027572 | proteins | account for more than 50% of he dry weight of most cells and are instrumental in almost everything organisms do | |
| 81027573 | conformation | a protein's unique three-dimensional shape | |
| 81027574 | polypeptides | polymers of amino acids | |
| 81027575 | amino acids | organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups | |
| 81027576 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between two amino acid units formed by condensation synthesis | |
| 81027577 | primary structure | the unique sequence of amino acids | |
| 81027578 | secondary structure | the coils and folds of segments of a protein's polypeptide chain contributing to the protein's overall conformation | |
| 81027579 | alpha helix | a secondary structure that is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid | |
| 81027580 | pleated sheet | a type of secondary structure in which two regions of the polypeptide chain lie parallel to each other | |
| 81027581 | tertiary structure | superimposed on patterns of secondary structures consisting of irregular contortions from bonding between side chains of the various amino acids | |
| 81027582 | hydrophobic interaction | a type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water | |
| 81027583 | disulfide bridges | covalent bonds that reinforce the conformation of proteins | |
| 81027584 | quaternary structure | is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits | |
| 81027585 | denaturation | when the pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other aspects of its environment are altered, the protein may unravel and lose its native conformation | |
| 81027586 | chaperone proteins | molecules that function as temporary braces in assisting the folding of other proteins | |
| 81027587 | gene | a unit of inheritance that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide | |
| 81027588 | nucleic acids | a class of compounds containing polymers such as DNA | |
| 81027589 | deoxyribonucleic acid | a type of nucleic acid that is capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cells proteins | |
| 81027590 | ribonucleic acid | type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil | |
| 81027591 | nucleotides | polymers of monomers consisting of nucleotides | |
| 81027592 | pyrimidine | a family of nitrogenous bases that has a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms | |
| 81027593 | purines | a family of nitrogenous bases that has a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring | |
| 81027594 | ribose | the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of RNA | |
| 81027595 | deoxyribose | the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in the nucleotides of DNA | |
| 81028536 | polynucleotide | (nucleic acid polymer) nucleotides joined by covalent bonds called phosphodiester linkages between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another | |
| 81028537 | double helix | the imaginary axis the DNA molecules of cells consisting of two polynucleotides spiral around |
