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| 47052005 | substantive rights | constitutional guarantees essential for personal liberty. freedoms of speech, press,religion,assembly,and petition, freedom from involuntary servitude, and the right to equal protection of the law. | |
| 47264984 | civil rights acts of 1866,1870,1871, and 1875 | laws passed by congress after the civil war to guarantee the rights of blacks | |
| 47264985 | civil rights act of 1957 | the first civil rights law passed by congress since reconstruction, designed to secure the right to vote for blacks | |
| 47264986 | civil rights act of 1960 | a law designed to further secure the right to vote for blacks and to meet problems arising from racial upheavals in the south | |
| 47264987 | civil rights act of 1964 | This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places. | |
| 47264988 | civil rights act of 1968 | this law banned discrimination in housing, the segregation of education, transprotation, and employment, it helped African Americans gain their full votin rights. | |
| 47799522 | bad tendency rule | a test used by the supreme court to determine the permissible bounds of free speech | |
| 47799523 | balancing doctrine | a concept used by judges to weigh the competing interests or values in a case | |
| 47799524 | bill of attainder | a legislative act that declares the guilt of an individual and metes out punishment without a judicial trial | |
| 47799525 | bill of rights | the first ten amendments to the united states constitution. it contains a listing of the rights a person enjoys that cannot be infringed upon by the government | |
| 47799526 | censorship | the curbing of ideas either in speech or in writing before they are expressed | |
| 47799527 | civil disobedience | refusal to obey a law, usually on the ground that the law is morally reprehension. | |
| 47799528 | civil liberties | those liberties usually spelled out in a bill of rights or a constitution that guarantee the protection of persons, opinions, and property frome the arditrary interference of government officials. | |
| 47799529 | civil rights | positive acts of government designed to protect persons against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government or individuals. | |
| 47799531 | de facto segregation | the existence of racially segregated facilities that are,however,not required by law. | |
| 47799532 | double jeopardy | the guarantee in the fifth amendment to the constitution that one may not be twice put in jepordy of life or loimb for the same offense. | |
| 47799533 | due process of law | protection against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property. | |
| 47799534 | eminent domain | the power inherent in all government to take over private property, provided that it is taken for a public purpose and that just compensation is awarded. | |
| 47799535 | equal protection of the law | a requirement of the fourteenth amendment that state laws may not arbitrarily discriminate against persons | |
| 47799536 | equal rights | a term used to describe the movement to equalize the right of men and women | |
| 47799537 | ex post facto law | a criminal law that is retroactive and that has an adverse effect upon one accused oa a crime | |
| 47799542 | freedom of assembly | the right of the people to congregate for the discussion of public questions and to organize into political parties or pressure groups for the purpose of influencing public policy | |
| 47799543 | freedom of association | the right to organize for political, religious, or other social purposes | |
| 47799544 | freedom of the press | the right to publish and disseminate information without prior restraint, subject to penalties for abuse of the right | |
| 47799545 | freedom of religion | freedom of worship and religious practice | |
| 47810962 | freedom of speech | the right to speak without prior restraint, subject to penalties for abuse of the right | |
| 47810964 | habeas corpus | a court order directing an official who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner to court and to show cause for his detention | |
| 47810965 | immunity | a privilege granted to a person that exempts him from prosecution for any self-incriminating testimony given by him before a court, grand jury, or investigating committee | |
| 47810968 | libel and slander | written) (oral) you cannot make false statements in public that might damage a persons reputiation unless you can prove it | |
| 47810972 | magna carta | the great charter of freedom granted in 1215 by king john of england on demand of his barons | |
| 47810973 | natural rights | an underlying assumption of the american political creed that men are endowed by their creator with certain rights that may not be abridged by government | |
| 47810975 | petition | a request to a public official that seeks to correct a wrong or to influence public policy | |
| 47816481 | police power | the power inherent in state governments to protect the health, safety, morals, and welfare of the people | |
| 47816482 | political right | the right to participate in the management of government and to influence public policy | |
| 47816484 | privilege | an advantage, benefit, or opportunity granted to an individual or group to which it has no right | |
| 47816485 | procedural rights | protection against arbitrary actions by public officials | |
| 47816487 | racism | a belief that differences among people are rooted in ethnic stock | |
| 47816488 | reasonable doubt | the standard for determining the guilt of a person charged with a criminal offense | |
| 47816489 | religious test | a requirement that one profess belief in a particular religious faith or in a supreme being as a condition to holding public office | |
| 47816491 | right to bear arms | the guarantee in the second amendment of the right to keep weaponds, recognition that "a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state" | |
| 47816492 | right to counsel | the guarantee in the sixth amendment to the constitution that a defendant in a criminal case have the assistance of an attorney | |
| 47816493 | search and seizure | methods by which police officers gather evidence and make arrests | |
| 47816494 | sedition | actions that incite rebellion or discontent against duly established government | |
| 47816495 | segregation | the separation of the white and black races in public and private facilities | |
| 47816496 | self-incrimination | testimony by a person that reveals facts that amy result in a criminal prosecution against him | |
| 47816497 | separation of church and state | a basic principle of american government that prohibits the mingling of church and state | |
| 118742393 | citizen | a native or naturalized member of a state or other political community | |
| 282091210 | establishment clause | the First Amendment guarantee that the government will not create and support an official state church | |
| 282091211 | exclusionary rule | a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct | |
| 282091212 | symbolic speech | nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the first amendment. | |
| 282091213 | incorporation theory | The view that most of the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause. | |
| 282091214 | free exercise clause | the First Amendment guarantee that citizens may freely engage in the religious activities of their choice | |
| 282091215 | slander | words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another | |
| 282091216 | libel | print slanderous statements against | |
| 282091391 | de jure segregation | segregation that is imposed by law | |
| 282091392 | suffrage | a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution | |
| 282091393 | affirmative action | a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities | |
| 282091394 | reverse discrimination | Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
