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| 135574442 | Population revolution | Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. | 0 | |
| 135574443 | Protoindustrialization | Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. | 1 | |
| 135574444 | American Revolution | Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. | 2 | |
| 135574445 | French Revolution | Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. | 3 | |
| 135574446 | Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. | 4 | |
| 135574447 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. | 5 | |
| 135574448 | Guillotine | Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. | 6 | |
| 135574449 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. | 7 | |
| 135574450 | Congress of Vienna | Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. | 8 | |
| 135574451 | Liberalism | Political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 9 | |
| 135574452 | Radicals | Followers of a 19th-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. | 10 | |
| 135574453 | Socialism | Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. | 11 | |
| 135574454 | Nationalism | European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. | 12 | |
| 135574455 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire. | 13 | |
| 135574456 | French Revolution of 1830 | Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. | 14 | |
| 135574457 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. | 15 | |
| 135574458 | Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. | 16 | |
| 135574459 | James Watt | Devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution. | 17 | |
| 135574460 | Factory system | Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. | 18 | |
| 135574461 | Luddites | Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd. | 19 | |
| 135574462 | Chartist movement | Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s. | 20 | |
| 135574463 | French Revolution of 1848 | Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic. | 21 | |
| 135574464 | Revolutions of 1848 | The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria- Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed. | 22 | |
| 135574465 | Louis Pasteur | Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. | 23 | |
| 135574466 | Benjamin Disraeli | British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform. | 24 | |
| 135574467 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont. | 25 | |
| 135574468 | Otto von Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability. | 26 | |
| 135574469 | American Civil War (1861-1865) | Fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. | 27 | |
| 135574470 | Transformismo | Political system in Italy that allied conservatives and liberals in support of the status quo. | 28 | |
| 135574471 | Social question | Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | 29 | |
| 135574472 | Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. | 30 | |
| 135574473 | Revisionism | Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. | 31 | |
| 135574474 | Feminist movement | Sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. | 32 | |
| 135574475 | Mass leisure culture | An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. | 33 | |
| 135574476 | Charles Darwin | Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | 34 | |
| 135574477 | Albert Einstein | Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity. | 35 | |
| 135574478 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. | 36 | |
| 135574479 | Romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 37 | |
| 135574480 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. | 38 | |
| 135574481 | Triple Entente | Agreement among Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. | 39 | |
| 135574482 | Balkan nationalism | Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I. | 40 | |
| 135574483 | Industrial Revolution | Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production. | 41 | |
| 135574484 | Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848. | 42 | |
| 135574485 | Nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. | 43 | |
| 135574486 | Conservative | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church. | 44 | |
| 135574487 | Imperialism | The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest. | 45 | |
| 135574488 | Sepoys | Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British. | 46 | |
| 135574489 | Raj | The British political establishment in India. | 47 | |
| 135574490 | Plassey (1757) | Battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of Northeast India. | 48 | |
| 135574491 | Robert Clive | Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India. | 49 | |
| 135574492 | Presidencies | Three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. | 50 | |
| 135574493 | Princely states | Ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty. | 51 | |
| 135574494 | Nabobs | Name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly. | 52 | |
| 135574495 | Charles Cornwallis | British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s. | 53 | |
| 135574496 | Isandhlwana (1879) | Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies. | 54 | |
| 135574497 | Tropical dependencies | Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations. | 55 | |
| 135574498 | White dominions | A type of settlement colony, such as those in North America and Australia, where European settlers made up the majority of the population. | 56 | |
| 135574499 | Settler colonies | Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples. | 57 | |
| 135574500 | White racial supremacy | Belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I. | 58 | |
| 135574501 | Great Trek | Migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control | 59 | |
| 135574502 | Boer republics | Independent states—Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners. | 60 | |
| 135574503 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics. | 61 | |
| 135574504 | Boer War (1899-1902) | Fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and postwar policies left the African population of South Africa under Afrikaner control. | 62 | |
| 135574505 | James Cook | His voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West. | 63 | |
| 135574506 | Kamehameha | Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations. | 64 | |
| 135574507 | Great Mahele | Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests. | 65 | |
| 135574508 | Ram Mohum Roy | Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati. | 66 | |
| 135574509 | Natal | British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost of Durban. | 67 | |
| 135574510 | Nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. | 68 |
