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| 43952541 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created of the future Spain; initiated exploration of the New World. | 0 | |
| 43952542 | Encomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. | 1 | |
| 43952543 | Hispaniola | First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage. | 2 | |
| 43952544 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. | 3 | |
| 43952545 | Hernán Cortés | Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire. | 4 | |
| 43952546 | Moctezuma II | Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest. | 5 | |
| 43952547 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | 6 | |
| 43952548 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | 7 | |
| 43952549 | Francisco Pizarro | Began conquest of Inca Empire in 1535. | 8 | |
| 43952550 | Mita | Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. | 9 | |
| 43952551 | Colombian Exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds. | 10 | |
| 43952552 | Potosí | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | 11 | |
| 43952553 | Haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | 12 | |
| 43952554 | Galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. | 13 | |
| 43952555 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | 14 | |
| 43952556 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised the king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | 15 | |
| 43952557 | Viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 16 | |
| 43952558 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500. | 17 | |
| 43952559 | Paulistas | Backswoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 18 | |
| 43952560 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 19 | |
| 43952561 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital. | 20 | |
| 43952562 | Sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 21 | |
| 43952563 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | 22 | |
| 43952564 | Creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 23 | |
| 43952565 | War of the Spanish Succession | Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French. | 24 | |
| 43952566 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 25 | |
| 43952567 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 26 | |
| 43952568 | Carribbean | First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here. | 27 | |
| 43952569 | Enlightened despotism | Actions of absolute rulers which have been influenced by the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment. | 28 | |
| 43952570 | Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar. | 29 | |
| 43952571 | Third Rome | Russia, with Moscow as its capital, claimed to be the successor of the Roman and Byzantine empires. | 30 | |
| 43952572 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 31 | |
| 43952573 | Boyars | The Russian nobles. | 32 | |
| 43952574 | Cossacks | Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. | 33 | |
| 43952575 | Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 34 | |
| 43952576 | Romanov dynasty | Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. | 35 | |
| 43952577 | Old Believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. | 36 | |
| 43952578 | Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 37 | |
| 43952579 | St. Petersburg | Baltic city that was made the new capital of Russia by Peter I. | 38 | |
| 43952580 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. | 39 | |
| 43952581 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland. | 40 | |
| 43952582 | Pugachev rebellion | Unsuccessful peasant rising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and after | 41 | |
| 43952583 | Westernization | Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture. | 42 | |
| 43952584 | Serfdom | Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate. | 43 | |
| 43952585 | Italian Renaissance | 14th- and 15th-century intellectual and cultural movement in Europe that challenged medieval values and instigated the modern age. | 44 | |
| 43952586 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power. | 45 | |
| 43952587 | Humanism | A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor / the philosophy of the Renaissance | 46 | |
| 43952588 | Northern Renaissance | Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, the Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than in Italy | 47 | |
| 43952589 | Francis I | King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor. | 48 | |
| 43952590 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed materials. | 49 | |
| 43952591 | European-style family | Emerged in 15th century; involved later marriage age and a primary emphasis on the nuclear family. | 50 | |
| 43952592 | Martin Luther | German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority. | 51 | |
| 43952593 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517. | 52 | |
| 43952594 | Anglican Church | Form of Protestantism in England established by Henry VIII. | 53 | |
| 43952595 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group in Geneva | 54 | |
| 43952596 | Catholic Reformation | Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation; reformed and revived Catholic doctrine. | 55 | |
| 43952597 | Jesuits | Catholic religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work outside of Europe. | 56 | |
| 43952598 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants. | 57 | |
| 43952599 | Thirty Years War | War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. | 58 | |
| 43952600 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy. | 59 | |
| 43952601 | Proletariat | Class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor. | 60 | |
| 43952602 | Witchcraft hysteria | 17th-century European violence reflecting uncertainties about religion and about resentment against the poor; especially affected women. | 61 | |
| 43952603 | Scientific Revolution | Process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture. | 62 | |
| 43952604 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; discredited Hellenistic belief that the sun was at the center of the universe. | 63 | |
| 43952605 | Galileo | Publicized Copernicus's findings; used the telescope to study moon and planets; added discoveries concerning the laws of gravity; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. | 64 | |
| 43952606 | John Harvey | English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and the function of the heart as a pump. | 65 | |
| 43952607 | René Descartes | Philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. | 66 | |
| 43952608 | Isaac Newton | English scientist; author of Principia Mathematica; drew various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity. | 67 | |
| 43952609 | Deism | A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion. | 68 | |
| 43952610 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; people had the right to overthrow tyrants. | 69 | |
| 43952611 | Absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during the rise of the nation- state in western Europe during the 17th century | 70 | |
| 43952612 | Louis XIV | Late 17th- and early 18th-century French king who personified absolute monarchy. | 71 | |
| 43952613 | Mercantilism | 17th- and 18th-century economic theory that stressed government promotion of internal and international policies to strengthen the economic power / Colonies played a major role in promoting the "mother country" | 72 | |
| 43952614 | Glorious Revolution | English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 that affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king. | 73 | |
| 43952615 | Enlightenment | Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior. | 74 | |
| 43952616 | Adam Smith | Established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces. | 75 | |
| 43952617 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women. | 76 | |
| 43952618 | Indulgences | Roman Catholic theological tenant for the remission of sins. | 77 | |
| 43952619 | Predestination | The belief that God has ordained all events to come including those who were to be saved | 78 | |
| 43952620 | Parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments. | 79 | |
| 43952621 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. | 80 | |
| 43952622 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sailing around the tip of Africa in 1498. | 81 | |
| 43952623 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492. | 82 | |
| 43952624 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines. | 83 | |
| 43952625 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. | 84 | |
| 43952626 | World economy | Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products. | 85 | |
| 43952627 | Columbian Exchange | Interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of Native Americans died of new diseases (smallpox) ; new world crops (potatoes, corn) spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals (horses, cattle) came to the Americas. | 86 | |
| 43952628 | Lepanto | Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims. | 87 | |
| 43952629 | Core nations | Nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials. | 88 | |
| 43952630 | Dependent economic zones | Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor (ex. Brazil) | 89 | |
| 43952631 | Vasco de Balboa | Began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509. (modern Panama) | 90 | |
| 43952632 | New France | French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system. (including Quebec) | 91 | |
| 43952633 | Atlantic colonies | British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia. | 92 | |
| 43952634 | Treaty of Paris | Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France's importance in India. | 93 | |
| 43952635 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans. | 94 | |
| 43952636 | Boers | Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners. | 95 | |
| 43952637 | Calcutta | British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal. | 96 | |
| 43952638 | Seven Years War | Fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war. (UK wins) | 97 | |
| 43952639 | Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India. | 98 | |
| 43952640 | Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe; possession of colonies important way to control trade | 99 | |
| 43952641 | Mestizos | People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. | 100 | |
| 43952642 | Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to Spanish. | 101 | |
| 43952643 | John Locke | (1632 - 1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution(life, liberty, and property were key rights of people) | 102 | |
| 43952644 | William Shakespeare | (1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet. | 103 | |
| 43952645 | John Clovis | A West Virginian and graduate of Ohio and Lipscomb University who has directed chorus and band, taught Bible, and played "Hang on Sloopy" for a total of 33 years at Greater Atlanta Christian School; his wisdom, jolly personality, sound logic, and enormous love of and devotion to Christ makes him the all-around greatest and most beloved teacher of all time. | 104 |
