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| 136288251 | Ivan III | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar- equivalent of emperor. | 0 | |
| 136288252 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture. | 1 | |
| 136288253 | Cossacks | peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. | 2 | |
| 136288254 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Russian tsar Ivan IV without heir early in teh 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority ; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 3 | |
| 136288255 | Romanov Dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles: Ruled Russia until 1917 | 4 | |
| 136288256 | Alexis Romanov | The Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of their execution. | 5 | |
| 136288257 | Old believers | Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization. | 6 | |
| 136288258 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 7 | |
| 136288259 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. | 8 | |
| 136288260 | Pugachev rebellion | During 1770's in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelian Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 9 | |
| 136288261 | Partition of Poland | division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe. | 10 |
