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| 57985753 | zheng he | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422) | 0 | |
| 57985754 | arawak | Amerindian peoples who inabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. The were forced to do labor for the Spaniards eventually. | 1 | |
| 57985755 | Henry the navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425) | 2 | |
| 57985756 | Caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427) | 3 | |
| 57985757 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428) | 4 | |
| 57985758 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428) | 5 | |
| 57985759 | vasco da gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) | 6 | |
| 57985760 | christoper columbus | from Spain (born in Italy), went to San Salvador, discovered America, claimed islands (Hispanola) | 7 | |
| 57985761 | Ferdinand magellan | (1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. (The same year HRE Charles V became empreor.) Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 8 | |
| 57985762 | Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436) | 9 | |
| 57985763 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437) | 10 | |
| 57985764 | Moctezuma 2 | Aztec ruler during Spanish attack | 11 | |
| 57985765 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 12 | |
| 57985766 | Atahulpa | was the Incan ruler when the Spanish came to conquer the civilization, defeated his king half-brother and held him hostage, some of his brothers followers turned to the Spanish side | 13 | |
| 57985767 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history | 14 | |
| 57985768 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445) | 15 | |
| 57985769 | Indulgence | The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446) | 16 | |
| 57985770 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446) | 17 | |
| 57985771 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447) | 18 | |
| 57985772 | Witch hunt | [n.] 1) in Puritan times, a search for supposed witches within the community; 2) today, a political campaign launched on the pretext of investigating activities subversive to the state. | 19 | |
| 57985773 | Scientific Revolution | an era between 16th and 18th centuries when scientists began doing research in a new way using the scientific method | 20 | |
| 57985774 | Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | 21 | |
| 57985775 | Bourgeoisis | middle class | 22 | |
| 57985776 | Joint stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | 23 | |
| 57985777 | Stock exchange | A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460) | 24 | |
| 57985778 | gentry | people of standing(rank or position); people of good family or high social position; class of people just below nobility | 25 | |
| 57985779 | Little ice age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462) | 26 | |
| 57985780 | Deforestation | destruction of forests | 27 | |
| 57985781 | Holy Roman empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449) | 28 | |
| 57985782 | Habsburg | A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449) | 29 | |
| 57985783 | english civil war | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I; 1644-1648 | 30 | |
| 57985784 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. | 31 | |
| 57985785 | Balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong | 32 | |
| 57985786 | Columbian exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472) | 33 | |
| 57985787 | Council of the Indies | The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilites. | 34 | |
| 57985788 | Bartolome de las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476 | 35 | |
| 57985789 | Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479) | 36 | |
| 57985790 | Encomienda | Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well. | 37 | |
| 57985791 | Creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482) | 38 | |
| 57985792 | Mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484) | 39 | |
| 57985793 | Mulatto | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484) | 40 | |
| 57985794 | Indentured servant | Laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America | 41 | |
| 57985795 | House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. | 42 | |
| 57985796 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487) | 43 | |
| 57985797 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | 44 | |
| 57985798 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488) | 45 | |
| 57985799 | New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489) | 46 | |
| 57985800 | Coureurs de bois | (runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489) | 47 | |
| 57985801 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493) | 48 |
