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| 296894549 | Vedic & Epic ages | formative period, in which Indo-European migrants gradually adopted agriculture | 0 | |
| 296894550 | Mauryn Dynasty | Chandra Gupta -powerful empire in ancient India, 321 to 185 B.C.E. | 1 | |
| 296894551 | ashoka | ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism | 2 | |
| 296894552 | Gupta Empire | Golden Age of India; central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism | 3 | |
| 296894553 | Sanskrit | writing system developed by the Aryans | 4 | |
| 296894554 | Hinduism | Indian belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms | 5 | |
| 296894555 | Upanishads | Sacred Hindu writings concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe. | 6 | |
| 296894556 | Dharma | the religious and moral duties of Hindus | 7 | |
| 296894557 | Buddhism | religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find truth was to give up all desires | 8 | |
| 296894558 | Tamils | Dravidian Hindus who settled at the southern tip of India in Sri Lanka | 9 | |
| 296894559 | Pericles | Ruled Athens in Golden Age. Made The government more democratic | 10 | |
| 296894560 | Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia | 11 | |
| 296894561 | Hellenistic period | time where Greek art and culture merge with influences from the Middle East; | 12 | |
| 296894562 | Punic Wars | 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage. Rome became dominant in Mediterranean | 13 | |
| 296894563 | Julius Caesar | dictator who conquering Gaul, assinated by the Senate because they were afraid of his power | 14 | |
| 296894564 | Senate | in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats | 15 | |
| 296894565 | zoroastrianism | system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC about dual gods and early monotheism | 16 | |
| 296894566 | Peloponnesian wars | Series of wars between Athens and Sparta (winner) | 17 | |
| 296894567 | Philip II of Macedon | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 BCE; founder of centralized kingdom; father of Alexander the Great | 18 | |
| 296894568 | Alexandria | City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization | 19 | |
| 296894569 | Roman Republic | The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate | 20 | |
| 296894570 | Carthage | ancient powerful city the interfered with Roman access to the Mediterranean. Army led by Hannibal | 21 | |
| 296894571 | Hannibal | general who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War | 22 | |
| 296894572 | Augustus Caesar | The first emperor of Rome, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, help Rome come into Pax Romana, or the Age of Roman Peace. AKA Octavian | 23 | |
| 296894573 | Polis | Greek word for city-state | 24 | |
| 296894574 | Twelve Tables | Rome's first code of laws | 25 | |
| 296894575 | Kush | Nubian kingdom flourishing along the upper Nile around 1000 B.C.E. | 26 | |
| 296894576 | Axum and Ethiopia | Axum defeated Kush. Ethiopia in turn defeated Axum. Both kingdoms had contacts with the eastern Med. until after Rome's fall. Became Christian. | 27 | |
| 296894577 | shintoism | a religion based in Japan, marked by worship of nature and reverence for ancestors. Based on Buddhism | 28 | |
| 296894578 | Olmec | The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. | 29 | |
| 296894579 | Teotihuacan | First powerful city-state in central Mexico It's population was 150,000 in its peak in 600 CE; largest city in the Americas; remembered for giant Pyramid of the Sun | 30 | |
| 296894580 | Polynesian Peoples | Island civilizations that reached Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E. and Hawaii by 400 C.E. They adapted local plants, introduced new animals, and imported a caste system led by a local king | 31 | |
| 296894581 | Yellow Turbans | Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic | 32 | |
| 296894582 | Rajput | regional military princes in India following the collapse of the Gupta empire. | 33 | |
| 296894583 | Devi | The mother goddess of Hinduism. The worship of this deity encouraged new emotionalism in the religion. | 34 | |
| 296894584 | Augustine | One of the greatest Christian theologians from North Africa. | 35 | |
| 296894585 | Coptic Christianity | Largest branch of African Christianity, centered in Egypt. brought from Byzantine | 36 | |
| 296894586 | syncretism | a blending of two or more religious traditions | 37 | |
| 296894587 | Bodhisattvas | enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment | 38 | |
| 296894588 | Mahayana | Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior | 39 | |
| 296894589 | Jesus of Nazareth | Prophet and teacher among the Jews; Christian Messiah | 40 | |
| 296894590 | Paul | Jewish follower of Jesus who helped spread Christianity throughout the Roman world | 41 | |
| 296894591 | Benedict | Wrote a book describing the rules of monastic life. | 42 | |
| 296894592 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. | 43 | |
| 296894593 | Pope | Head of the Roman Catholic Church | 44 | |
| 296894594 | Animism | the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls | 45 | |
| 296894595 | Paleolithic | most of the 2 million years during which our species has existed; typified by use of crude stone/stick tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 46 | |
| 296894596 | Mesolithic Age | imrovement in tool and weapon making; domestication of animals (cows, pigs, sheep, goats); advances in sailing and fishing. 10,000 B.C. | 47 | |
| 296894597 | Neolithic revolution | when humans went from being nomad/hunter gatherers to settling in one place and farming | 48 | |
| 296894598 | Prehistoric | before written history | 49 | |
| 296894599 | Metalworking | the activity of making things out of metal in a skillful manner | 50 | |
| 296894600 | civilization | a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations) | 51 | |
| 296894601 | Catal Huyuk | one of the world's first cities in modern Turkey | 52 | |
| 296894602 | River Valley Civilization | mesopotamia also called the fertile crescent | 53 | |
| 296894603 | Tigris Euphrates Civilization | The first civilization, developed absolutely from scratch- with no examples from any other place to imitate. | 54 | |
| 296894604 | Sumerians | the earliest known civlization; were the first to have a language and are responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions. | 55 | |
| 296894605 | Egyptian civilization | formed by 3000 BCE along the Nile River; influenced by Mesopotamia's trade and technology; had a pharaoh and stayed a unified state for most of its history | 56 | |
| 296894606 | Indus River Valley Civilizations | the earliest South Asian civilizations which emerged around 2600 B.C.E., in present-day Pakistan, and flourished for about 700 years | 57 | |
| 296894607 | Chinese River Valley civilizations | Hwang River developed in isolation. Organized state, regulated irrigation in a flood prone river valley. Advance technology and intellectual life. | 58 | |
| 296894608 | Shang Dynasty | Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting. | 59 | |
| 296894609 | Zhou Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Daoism... replaced Shang Dynasty | 60 | |
| 296894610 | Qin Dynasty | (221-207 BCE) first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief. replaced Zhou | 61 | |
| 296894611 | Shi Huangdi | founder of the Qin dynasty and China's first emperor | 62 | |
| 296894612 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 replaced Qin and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy | 63 | |
| 296894613 | Wu Ti | Best Known Han Emperor and he greatly enlarged the Han Dynasty to Central Asia. | 64 | |
| 296894614 | Mandarin | a high public official of imperial China | 65 | |
| 296894615 | Confucius | Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC) | 66 | |
| 296894616 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy ; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 67 | |
| 296894617 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy which founded by Laozi. emphasizes living in harmony with nature | 68 | |
| 296894618 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 69 | |
| 296894619 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 70 | |
| 296894620 | Asante | African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 | 71 | |
| 296894621 | Dahomey | African state among the Fon or Aja peoples; developed in the 1600s; became a major slave-trading state through use of Western firearms. | 72 | |
| 296894622 | Great Trek | migration into the south African interior of thousands of Afrikaners or Boers seeking to escape British control | 73 | |
| 296894623 | Shaka | a Zulu chief in South Africa 1816 who used highly disiplined warriors and good military to create a lage centralized state. | 74 | |
| 296894624 | Middle Passage | the middle portion of the triangular trade that brought African slaves to the Americas | 75 | |
| 296894625 | Candomble | African religious practices in Brazil among the Yoruba. | 76 | |
| 296894626 | William Wilberforce | member of British parliament that led fight for abolition | 77 | |
| 296894627 | Fulani | Sub-Saharan African people who, beginning in the 1600s,interpereted ISLAM. | 78 | |
| 296894628 | Afrikaners | South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949 | 79 | |
| 296894629 | Zulu Wars | battles in 1879 between Britain and the Zulu Empire in Africa. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence. | 80 | |
| 296894630 | Diaspora | the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel | 81 | |
| 296894631 | Saltwater Slaves | African-born slaves; worth more money | 82 | |
| 296894632 | Creole Slaves | American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation. | 83 | |
| 296894633 | Encomiendas | Spanish rights to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans | 84 | |
| 296894634 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 85 | |
| 296894635 | Bartolome de las casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. Devoted most of his life to protecting Native Americans peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel native americans to labor | 86 | |
| 296894636 | Francisco Pizarro | spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in 1500s and founded city of Lima | 87 | |
| 296894637 | Colombian Exchange | The (often accidental) trading of various animals, diseases, and crops between the East and West world | 88 | |
| 296894638 | Potosi | In Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. | 89 | |
| 296894639 | Haciendas | Large Spanish rural colonial estates usually owned by aristocrats but worked by many peasants | 90 | |
| 296894640 | Consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed monopoly over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. | 91 | |
| 296894641 | Galleons | large heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 92 | |
| 296894642 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a 1494 agreement between portugal and spain; Spain reserved right to all newly discovered land West of the heathen line while Portugal got all East | 93 | |
| 296894643 | Council of the Indies | group of royal officials established in 1524 that oversaw the government and enforced laws in Spanish America. | 94 | |
| 296894644 | Viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king. | 95 | |
| 296894645 | Audiencia | Royal court in Spanish colonies of New World; there were ten in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates. | 96 | |
| 296894646 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil | 97 | |
| 296894647 | Captaincies | Brazilian land granted to Portuguese nobles | 98 | |
| 296894648 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian mountainous region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 99 | |
| 296894649 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian Port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763 | 100 | |
| 296894650 | Sociedad de Castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; 1.Europeans 2.mestizos 3. Indians and African slaves | 101 | |
| 296894651 | Peninsulares | Colonists originally born in Spain= high class | 102 | |
| 296894652 | Creoles | descendents of Peninsulares (colonists born in spain) BUT born in Latin America; inferior social, political, economic status to Peninsulares | 103 | |
| 296894653 | War of the Spanish Succession | 1701-1713 war resulted from the heirless death of Charles II; in order to prevent the union of the French and Spanish crowns, the Grand Alliance declared war on France. | 104 | |
| 296894654 | Tupac Amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru- eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 105 | |
| 296894655 | Encomendero | the holder of an encomienda who was able to use the people as workers or to tax them | 106 | |
| 296894656 | Enlightened Despotism | monarchial government in which an educated, autocratic ruler tries to govern justly through the practical application of reason based on the Enlightenment | 107 | |
| 296894657 | East India Companies | Royal chartered, joint stock companies that monopolized trade, engaged in warfare and negotiated political treaties on behalf of their owners and their king. British, French and Dutch | 108 | |
| 296894658 | World Economy | Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products | 109 | |
| 296894659 | Core Nation | nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking/commercial services. More advanced than the rest | 110 | |
| 296894660 | Dependent Economic zones | Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials. forced and cheap labor. Dependent on European markets | 111 | |
| 296894661 | Cape Colony | Dutch Colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a costal station for the Dutch seaborne empire | 112 | |
| 296894662 | Boers | Dutch colonist in south africa | 113 | |
| 296894663 | Mestizos | Native American and European mixed descent | 114 | |
| 296894664 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 115 | |
| 296894665 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 116 | |
| 296894666 | East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions. | 117 | |
| 296894667 | Colombian Exchange | the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa | 118 | |
| 296894668 | Lepanto | Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims. | 119 | |
| 296894669 | Core Nations | Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials. | 120 | |
| 296894670 | dependent economic zones | Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials. forced and cheap labor | 121 | |
| 296894671 | Vasco de Balboa | First Spanish captain to begin settlement on Mesoamerica in 1509 | 122 | |
| 296894672 | Treaty of Paris | Signed by Britain and USA stated that the US was a free and Independent nation | 123 | |
| 296894673 | Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652. station for Dutch settlement near Bantu | 124 | |
| 296894674 | Boers | Dutch settlers in south Africa | 125 | |
| 296894675 | Calcutta | British East India company Headquarters in Bengal, india. Captured in 1756 in the Seven years War | 126 | |
| 296894676 | Seven Years War | Fought both in continental Europe and in American colonies between 1756 and 1763. reslutant in Prussian seizures of land in Austria and English land in India and North America | 127 | |
| 296894677 | Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa circumnavigated in 1488 by protuguese en route to India | 128 | |
| 296894678 | Mercantilism | the theory that a country should sell more goods to other countries than it buys | 129 | |
| 296894679 | mestizos | person of mixed Native American and European descent | 130 | |
| 296894680 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 131 | |
| 296894681 | John Locke | This English philosopher argued that all men were born with natural rights and that a government's purpose was to protect these rights | 132 | |
| 296894682 | Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) | Muslim philosopher who blended Aristotle and Plato's views with Islam (reason and faith) | 133 | |
| 296894683 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 134 | |
| 296894684 | Zhenghe | Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded a series of expeditions to the Indian ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea between 1405 and 1433. | 135 | |
| 296894685 | Renaissance | The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history | 136 | |
| 296894686 | Portugal, Castile and Aragon | Regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda. | 137 | |
| 296894687 | Francesco Petrarch | father of Renaissance Humanism.lived from 1304-1374 committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics. He resisted writing in the Italian vernacular except for his sonnets, which were composed to his "lady love" who spoke no Latin. | 138 | |
| 296894688 | Vivaldi brothers | Two Genoese brothers who attempted to find a Western route to the "Indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic | 139 | |
| 296894689 | Vasco da Gama | the first European (Portuguese) to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) Opened a major trading port | 140 | |
| 296894690 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 141 | |
| 296894691 | Ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group | 142 | |
| 296894692 | Chinggis Khan | Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to the conquest of most of the Islamic world. | 143 | |
| 296894693 | Shamanistic Religion | Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits. | 144 | |
| 296894694 | Batu | Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of the Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236. | 145 | |
| 296894695 | Ogedei | Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded him as Mongol khagan. | 146 | |
| 296894696 | Golden Horde | a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century founded by Batu. Invaded Russia 1236 | 147 | |
| 296894697 | Ilkhan khanate | One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid Empire. | 148 | |
| 296894698 | Hulegu | ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad | 149 | |
| 296894699 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 150 | |
| 296894700 | Kubilai Khan | Grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271. | 151 | |
| 296894701 | White Lotus Society | Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. | 152 | |
| 296894702 | Timur-i Lang | Last major nomad leader, Turkic ruler of Samarkand. 1300s. | 153 | |
| 296894703 | Khagan | Title for supreme ruler of all Mongol tribes | 154 | |
| 296894704 | Khanates | four regional Mongol Kingdoms- Chaghadai, Persia, Kipchak (Golden Horde), and Yuan dynasty in China | 155 | |
| 296894705 | Ming Dynasty | A major dynasty that ruled China from 1368-1644. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia | 156 | |
| 296894706 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument (like a check) that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency. | 157 | |
| 296894707 | Footbinding | In China, a method of breaking and binding women's feet; seen as a sign of beauty and social position, footbinding also confined women to the household | 158 | |
| 296894708 | Jinshi | Title granted to those students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office. | 159 | |
| 296894709 | Jurchens | founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee south | 160 | |
| 296894710 | Grand Canal | A canal linking northern and southern China built in 7th century | 161 | |
| 296894711 | Junks | Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties | 162 | |
| 296894712 | Taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army | 163 | |
| 296894713 | Tale of Genji | written by Lady Murasaki Shikibu at end of 11th century, world's first full novel | 164 | |
| 296894714 | Samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy | 165 | |
| 296894715 | Bakufu | 12th century military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai | 166 | |
| 296894716 | Shoguns | military leaders of the Bakufu | 167 | |
| 296894717 | Daimyo | a local agricultural lord in Japan in the era of the samurai | 168 | |
| 296894718 | Sinification | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam. | 169 | |
| 296894719 | Bushi | Regional military leaders in Japan who ruled small kingdoms from fortresses | 170 | |
| 296894720 | Seppuku | ritual suicide of a samurai | 171 | |
| 296894721 | Middle Ages | the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance 500-1450 | 172 | |
| 296894722 | Gothic | a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries | 173 | |
| 296894723 | Vikings | Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. | 174 | |
| 296894724 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 175 | |
| 296894725 | Serfs | Peasant workers who were tied to the land on which they lived | 176 | |
| 296894726 | Three-field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. | 177 | |
| 296894727 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy | 178 | |
| 296894728 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. | 179 | |
| 296894729 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | 180 | |
| 296894730 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. | 181 | |
| 296894731 | Holy Roman Emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 182 | |
| 296894732 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | 183 | |
| 296894733 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion (1066) of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 184 | |
| 296894734 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights | 185 | |
| 296894735 | Pope Urban II | pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims | 186 | |
| 296894736 | Hanseatic League | a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas | 187 | |
| 296894737 | Guilds | an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards | 188 | |
| 296894738 | Roman Catholic Church | the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy | 189 | |
| 296894739 | Franks | group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis | 190 | |
| 296894740 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) | 191 | |
| 296894741 | Beowolf | greatest Anglo-Saxon poem and oldest surviving epic of any Germanic people | 192 | |
| 296894742 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians (6th century) | 193 | |
| 296894743 | Hagia Sophia | great, decorative Byzantine church in Constantinople | 194 | |
| 296894744 | Body of Civil Law | Justinian's codification of Roman law; made Roman law a coherent basis for political and economic life. | 195 | |
| 296894745 | Icons | religious images used by eastern christians to aid their devotions | 196 | |
| 296894746 | iconoclasm | The breaking of images; a religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration | 197 | |
| 296894747 | Battle of Manzikert | (1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium. | 198 | |
| 296894748 | Kiev | Commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th century; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until the 12th century. | 199 | |
| 296894749 | Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980 to 1015; converted kingdom to Christianity | 200 | |
| 296894750 | Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe | 201 | |
| 296894751 | Tatars | Mongols who captured Russian cities and destroyed the Kievan state in 1236. However, they left the Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact. | 202 | |
| 296894752 | constantinople | Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome | 203 | |
| 296894753 | Orthodox Christian Church | Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople (also called Byzantine Church) | 204 | |
| 296894754 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 205 | |
| 296894755 | Huns | Nomadic people from Asia who attacked the Roman Empire. | 206 | |
| 296894756 | Sassanian Empire | ruling dynasty of Iran (226-642) until Islamic conquests | 207 | |
| 296894757 | Tsar | a Russian Emperor | 208 | |
| 296894758 | Cyrillic alphabet | an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages | 209 | |
| 296894759 | Stateless Societies | did not have a centralized authority; authority is shared by lineages | 210 | |
| 296894760 | Maghrib | the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco | 211 | |
| 296894761 | Almoravids | A strict religious brotherhood, fought jihad wars to spread Islam, Overran the west African empire of Ghana in 1076. | 212 | |
| 296894762 | Almohads | a group of Islamic reformers who overthrew the Almoravid Dynasty and established an empire in North Africa and southern Spain in the 12th century A.D. | 213 | |
| 296894763 | Sahel | Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. | 214 | |
| 296894764 | Mali | Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 215 | |
| 296894765 | Mansa | Title of the ruler of Mali | 216 | |
| 296894766 | Mnasa Kankan Musa | Tenth and wealthiest Mansa of Mali | 217 | |
| 296894767 | Sundiata | Mali's first great leader, he came to power after crushing a cruel, unpopular leader. | 218 | |
| 296894768 | Griots | professional oral historians; advisors to the kings | 219 | |
| 296894769 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 220 | |
| 296894770 | Songhay | Empire that replaced Mali; dominated Middle reaches of Niger Valley; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali | 221 | |
| 296894771 | Zenji | Arabic term for the east African coast | 222 | |
| 296894772 | East African trading ports | this port opened Africa up to Islam as well as other influences | 223 | |
| 296894773 | Ibn Batuta | arabic traveler who described african societies and cultures in his travel records | 224 | |
| 296894774 | Nok | West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting | 225 | |
| 296894775 | Yoruba | a West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and southern Nigeria | 226 | |
| 296894776 | Kongo Kingdom | based on agriculture; formed on the lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy | 227 | |
| 296894777 | Great Zimbabwe | a powerful southeast African city | 228 | |
| 296894778 | Mwene Mutapa | title of a king in Great Zimbabwe | 229 | |
| 296894779 | Islamization | The spread of Islamic faith across Middle East, Asia, and Northern Africa | 230 | |
| 296894780 | Bantu Migration | the movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000 | 231 | |
| 296894781 | Ghana | the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade | 232 | |
| 296894782 | Sunni Ali Ber | bad military muslim who ruled the Songhai in 1464, destroys Timbuktu, takes city of Jenna, big scary guy | 233 | |
| 296894783 | Matrillineal | tracing one's ancestry through their mother's relatives | 234 | |
| 296894784 | Sharia | Islamic law | 235 | |
| 296894785 | Harun al Rashid | caliph (r. 786-809) who is responsible for a Golden Age in the Muslim World and the House of Wisdom in Baghdad | 236 | |
| 296894786 | Buyids | Persian invaders of the 10th century; captured Baghdad and acted as sultans through Abbasid figureheads | 237 | |
| 296894787 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly | 238 | |
| 296894788 | Saladin | The leader of the Muslims in the third crusade and captured Jerusalem in 1187. | 239 | |
| 296894789 | Ibn Khaldun | A Muslim Historian who wrote that all civilizations, rise and fall. He was also one of the first historians to study the affect of geography and climate on people. | 240 | |
| 296894790 | Sa'di | one of the major Persian poets in the medieval period | 241 | |
| 296894791 | Al-Razi | greatest physician of the Muslim world (late 800s) | 242 | |
| 296894792 | Al-Biruni | 11th-century scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals. | 243 | |
| 296894793 | Ulama | the theologians and legal experts of Islam. | 244 | |
| 296894794 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 245 | |
| 296894795 | Arabic Numberals | Number system that we use today (12345) developed in india | 246 | |
| 296894796 | Mahmud of Ghanzi | led Turkish Ghazanavids of Afghanistan in raids on lucrative sites in northern India; foe of Buddhism and Hinduism | 247 | |
| 296894797 | Latten Sails | triangular sails attached to masts by long booms that extend diagonally across the fore and aft portions of the ship | 248 | |
| 296894798 | Sultan | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) | 249 | |
| 296894799 | Holy Land | Jerusalem | 250 | |
| 296894800 | Hulegu | ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad | 251 | |
| 296894801 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 252 | |
| 296894802 | Rajas | Term used for Hindu kings. | 253 | |
| 296894803 | Sati | Hindu custom that called for a wife to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre or burning herself | 254 | |
| 296894804 | Bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. | 255 | |
| 296894805 | Medina | City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231) | 256 | |
| 296894806 | Umayyad | (661-750) first ruling dynasty over the Muslim Caliphate | 257 | |
| 296894807 | Kaa'ba | Large cube in Grand Mosque, in Mecca, has a holy stone imbedded in a corner of the cube | 258 | |
| 296894808 | Quaran | the holy book of Islam | 259 | |
| 296894809 | Umma | the community of all muslims | 260 | |
| 296894810 | Sakat | handicapped, crippled, disabled | 261 | |
| 296894811 | Five Pillars | belief that all Muslims needed to carry out: Faith, Prayer, Alms (charity), Fasting, and Pilgrimage | 262 | |
| 296894812 | Caliph | The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | 263 | |
| 296894813 | Ali | the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites | 264 | |
| 296894814 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of muhammad | 265 | |
| 296894815 | Jihad | a holy war waged by Muslims against infidels | 266 | |
| 296894816 | Uthman | Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan | 267 | |
| 296894817 | Mu'awiya | leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali | 268 | |
| 296894818 | Sunnis | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. | 269 | |
| 296894819 | shi'te | the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 270 | |
| 296894820 | Jizya | Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire | 271 | |
| 296894821 | Dhimmis | Non- muslims living under muslim rule (victims of jizya) | 272 | |
| 296894822 | Abbasids | the dynasty that came after the Ummayads. The ummayad lost power in AD 759 because they upset mant muslims especially in Persia. Persian Muslims thought that Arab Muslims got better treatment | 273 | |
| 296894823 | Wazir | chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of Empire | 274 | |
| 296894824 | Ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. | 275 |
