People, Places/Terms, Events/Ideas
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| 301822398 | Avicenna | Iranian philosopher named Iba Sina who was known in the west as this name. He had great influence because of their sophisticated blend of Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy | 0 | |
| 301822399 | Cosimo de' Medici | Florentine banker who spent immense sums on paintings, scultptures, and public buildings. Famous patron | 1 | |
| 301822400 | Desiderius Eurasmus | A dutch scholar that produced a critical edition of the New Testament in Greek. He corrected many errors and mistranslations in the Latin text that had been in general use throughout the Middle Ages. Later he wrote, in Latin, influental moral guides. | 2 | |
| 301822401 | Edward III | Son of princess Isabella of France and King Edward II of England. He laid claim to the French throne in 1337. French courts instead awarded the throne to a more distant and more french cousin, so he fought for his rights in the 100 years war. | 3 | |
| 301822402 | Francesco Petrarch | A humanist writer and poet that proclaimed that revival of the classical Greco-roman tradition they felt they had for centuries lain buried under the rubble of the middle ages. | 4 | |
| 301822403 | Fugger Family | They were from Augsburg, who had 10 times the Medici's bank's lending capital and topped Europe's banking fraternity by 1500. THe family's many activities included the trade in Hungarian copper, essential for castling cannon. | 5 | |
| 301822404 | Geoffrey Chaucer | An English poet that wrote the Canterbury Tales. | 6 | |
| 301822405 | Jan Van Eyck | A flemish painter that mixed his pigments with linseed oil in place of egg yolk. He painted realistic paintings on religious and domestic themes. | 7 | |
| 301822406 | Johann Gutenberg | He produced the Gutenburg Bible. It was the first book in the west printed from moveable type. | 8 | |
| 301822407 | Leonardo da Vinci | He was a renaissance painter who used oil paints for his Mona Lisa. He worked in many media, including bronze sculptures and frescos like the last supper | 9 | |
| 301822408 | Marco Polo | He was a young merchant that set out from Venic and reached the Mongol court in China after a long trek across central Asia. He served the emperor Khubilai Khan for many years as an ambassador and governer of a chinese province. | 10 | |
| 301822409 | Medici Family | This family was from Florence and they operated banks. They also controlled the government of FLorence and comissioned art works. | 11 | |
| 301822410 | Michelangelo | He painted frescos of biblical scenes, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, sculpted statues of David and Moses, and designed the dome for a new Sant Peter's Basilica in Rome. | 12 | |
| 301822411 | Thomas Aquinas | influential theologian who spoke for his age when he argued that although both men and women were created in God's image. There was a sense in which "the image of God is found in man, not in women: for man is the beginning and end of a woman; as God is the beginning and end of every creature." | 13 | |
| 301822412 | Vasco De Gama | Portugeuse explorer. He led the first naval expedition across the atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the old world and opening the way to Spanish colonization. | 14 | |
| 301822413 | Avignon Papacy | Part of the Great Western Schism: the papacy eventually regained its independence and returned to ROme, but the long crisis broke the pope's ability to challenge the rising power of monarchs like Philip, who had used the dispute to persuade his nobles to grant him a new tax. | 15 | |
| 301822414 | Canterbury Tales | Written by the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. Its a lengthy poem written in the last dozen years of his life. It contains often humerous and earthy tales told by fictional pilgrims on their way to the shrine of Thomas a Becket in Canterbury | 16 | |
| 301822415 | Flying buttresses | Stabilized the high, then, stone columns below the arches | 17 | |
| 301822416 | Gothic Cathedrals | Large churches originating in 12th century France; built in an architectural style featuring the pointed arches, tall vaults, and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. | 18 | |
| 301822417 | Guilds | In medieval Europe, an association of men, such as merchants, artisans, or professions, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. These were also important in other societes, such as the ottoman and Safavid Empires. | 19 | |
| 301822418 | Hanseatic League | An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the 14th century. | 20 | |
| 301822419 | Humanist | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy) influential in the 15th century and later | 21 | |
| 301822420 | Magna Carta | "Great charter" signed in 1215 by the Pope that affirmed that monarchs were subject to establish law, confirmed the independence of the church and the city of London, and guaranteed the nobles' hereditary rights. | 22 | |
| 301822421 | Printing press | A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a wood-block or type to paper using ink. Presses using moveable type first appeared in Europe about 1450. | 23 | |
| 301822422 | Three-field system | Farmers grow crops on 2/3rds of their land each year, alternating wheat and rye with oats, barley, or legumes. The third field was left fallow. The oats restore nitrogen to the depleted soil and produced feed for plow horses. | 24 | |
| 301822423 | Universities | Degree- granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in the latin west from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. | 25 | |
| 301822424 | Water Wheel | A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. | 26 | |
| 301822425 | Black death | An outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid- fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. | 27 | |
| 301822426 | Fourth Crusade | A venetian inspired assault in 1204 against the city of Constantinople misleadingly named the "fourth crusade" temporarily eliminated Byzantine control of the passage between the Mediterranean and the Black sea and thereby allowed venice to seize crete abd expand its trading colonies around the Black sea. Another boon to italian trade came from the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, which opened trade routes from the Mediterranean to China. | 28 | |
| 301822427 | Great Western Schism | A division in the Latin Christian church between 1378 and 1415, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon | 29 | |
| 301822428 | Hundred Years War | Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. | 30 | |
| 301822429 | Reconquest of Iberia | Beginning in the 11th century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as United Kingdoms. | 31 |
