Terms : Hide Images
| 298842747 | Middle Ages | the postclassical period in Western Europe that began with the fall of Rome and ended by the 15th century. | 0 | |
| 298842748 | Manorialism | system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers. | 1 | |
| 298842749 | Serfs | people who lived on self-sufficient agricultural estates called manors. They were not slaves to lords, but were very close to being so. | 2 | |
| 298842750 | Moldboard | a plow with a curved iron plate, which allowed farmers to dig deeper into the tough European soil. | 3 | |
| 298842751 | Three-field System | a system of farming that made it so that only a third of a farmer's land would go unplanted each year, instead of half the land. This was invented in the 9th century. | 4 | |
| 298842752 | Clovis | a warrior chieftain who converted to Christianity in about 496 CE, to gain greater prestige over local pagan rivals. | 5 | |
| 298842753 | Carolingians | a family that took over the Frank monarchy, based in northern France, Belgium, and western Germany. | 6 | |
| 298842754 | Charles Martel | One founder of the Carolingian line who is famous for defeating Muslims at the battle of Tours, in 732. | 7 | |
| 298842755 | Charlemagne | from the Carolingian line; also called "Charles the Great." Around the year 800 CE he established a substantial government in France and Germany. He died in 814 and his kingdom completely lost all of the progress it had made during his life-time. | 8 | |
| 298842756 | Holy Roman Emperors | a term used by royal houses shortly after the 10th century-coining of the word "emperor." This term merged Christian and classical claims. | 9 | |
| 298842757 | Vassals | lesser lords who got protection from greater lords, in turn for military service, goods/payments, and advice. | 10 | |
| 298842758 | William the Conqueror | otherwise known as the Duke of Normandy. He invaded England in 1066 and extended a strict feudal system to his new kingdom. | 11 | |
| 298842759 | Magna Carta | in 1215 the unpopular King John faced opposition to his taxation laws that came from a group of nobles, townspeople, and church officials. After King John's defeat in a battle with France, powerful lords forced him to sign this document, also known as the "Great Charter." o This confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims. | 12 | |
| 298842760 | Parliament | created in the 13th century. It was made up of bodies representing groups of nobles and the church. In 1256 the first parliament convened as the "House of Lords." | 13 | |
| 298842761 | Three Estates | the church, nobles, and urban leaders that the parliament represented. | 14 | |
| 298842762 | Hundred Years War | began with a battle in the 14th century, and was fought between national monarchies of France and England, over English territories in France and feudal rights versus claims of national states. | 15 | |
| 298842763 | Urban ll | Pope who called for the First Crusade in 1095. | 16 | |
| 298842764 | Gregory Vll | (1073-1085) a reform-minded pope who tried to purify the church by freeing it from feudal interference. | 17 | |
| 298842765 | Investiture | the practice of state appointment of bishops in Germany. | 18 | |
| 298842766 | Peter Abelard | a man in Paris who wrote the treatise "Yes and No" which showed logical contradictions in established doctrines, in the 12th century. | 19 | |
| 298842767 | Thomas Aquinas | an Italian-born monk who taught at the University of Paris. He believed that faith came first, but strengthened the argument for the necessity of reason. | 20 | |
| 298842768 | Scholasticism | 13th century dominant medieval philosophical approach to religion. | 21 | |
| 298842769 | Gothic | an architectural theme that can be recognized by soaring church spires and tall arched windows. Most work was done for churches and great cathedrals. | 22 | |
| 298842770 | Hanseatic League | an organization of cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia, to encourage trade. | 23 | |
| 298842771 | Guilds | grouped people in the same business or trade in a single city, sometimes with loose links to other guilds in other cities. | 24 | |
| 298842772 | Black Death (Bubonic Plague) | began in 1348 as the devastating series of plagues that lasted for centuries. It challenged Europe's already struggling population and social structure. | 25 |
