Terms : Hide Images
| 315133929 | Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. | |
| 315133930 | Flashbulb Memories | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event | |
| 315133931 | Encoding | The processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning | |
| 315133932 | Storage | The retention of encoded information. | |
| 315133933 | Retrieval | The process of getting information out of storage. | |
| 315133934 | Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | |
| 315133935 | Short-Term Memory | Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. | |
| 315133936 | Long-Term Memory | The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | |
| 315133937 | Working Memory | A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. | |
| 315133938 | Automatic Processing | Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. | |
| 315133939 | Effortful Processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | |
| 315133940 | Rehearsal | The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. | |
| 315133941 | Next-In-Line Effect | When people go around a circle saying words or their names, and attempting to remember what was said by the others, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them. | |
| 315133942 | Spacing Effect | The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. | |
| 315133943 | Serial Position Effect | Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. | |
| 315133944 | Visual Encoding | The encoding of picture images. | |
| 315133945 | Acoustic Encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. | |
| 315133946 | Semantic Encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. | |
| 315133947 | Self-Reference Effect | We have especially good recall for information we can relate to ourselves. | |
| 315133948 | Imagery | Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. | |
| 315133949 | Rosy Retrospection | People tend to recall events more positively than they evaluated at the time. | |
| 315133950 | Mnemonic | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | |
| 315133951 | Chunking | Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. | |
| 315133952 | Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. | |
| 315133953 | Echoic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. | |
| 315133954 | Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) | An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. (No LTP: No learning) (Extra LTP: Enhanced and faster learning) | |
| 315133955 | CREB | A protein that switches genes off or on; helps us retain long-term memories. | |
| 315133956 | Amnesia | The loss of memory | |
| 315133957 | Implicit Memory | Retention independent of conscious recollection (you can learn how to do something). | |
| 315133958 | Explicit Memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. | |
| 315133959 | Hippocampus | A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. | |
| 315133960 | Recall | A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | |
| 315133961 | Recognize | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test. | |
| 315133962 | Relearning | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. | |
| 315133963 | Retrieval Cues | Anchor points you can use to access the target information when you want to retrieve it later. | |
| 315133964 | Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory | |
| 315133965 | Deja Vu | That eerie sense that, "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. | |
| 315133966 | State-Dependent Memory | What we learn in one state-be it joyful or sad, drunk or sober-Memories are more easily recalled when we are in that state. | |
| 315133967 | Mood-Congruent | The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | |
| 315133968 | Absent-Mindedness | Inattention to details produces encoding failure. | |
| 315133969 | Transience | Storage decay over time. | |
| 315133970 | Blocking | Inaccessibility of stored information. | |
| 315133971 | Misattribution | Confusing the source of information | |
| 315133972 | Suggestibility | Lingering effects of misinformation | |
| 315133973 | Bias | belief-colored recollections | |
| 315133974 | Persistence | Unwanted Memories | |
| 315133975 | Forgetting Curve | The course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time. | |
| 315133976 | Proactive Interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. | |
| 315133977 | Retroactive Interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. | |
| 315133978 | Repression | In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. | |
| 315133979 | Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event | |
| 315133980 | Source Amnesia | Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. | |
| 315133981 | Infantile Amnesia | People do not reliably recall happenings of any sort from their first three years. | |
| 315133982 | Adapt-Ability | Our capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with changing circumstances. | |
| 315133983 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. | |
| 315133984 | Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). | |
| 315133985 | Conditioning | The process of learning associations | |
| 315133986 | Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditional stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditional stimulus. | |
| 315133987 | Ivan Pavlov | The psychologist whose work laid the foundation of classical conditioning. He used dogs to study learning. | |
| 315133988 | Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | |
| 315133989 | Observational Learning | Learning by observing others | |
| 315133990 | Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. | |
| 315133991 | John Watson | The psychologist that studied and founded behaviorism. | |
| 315133992 | Unconditional Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | |
| 315133993 | Unconditional Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response. | |
| 315133994 | Conditional Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | |
| 315133995 | Conditional Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | |
| 315133996 | Acquisition | The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to illicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | |
| 315133997 | Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when and unconditional stimulus does not follow a conditional stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | |
| 315133998 | Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional response | |
| 315133999 | Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditional stimulus to elicit similar responses. | |
| 315134000 | Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditional stimulus. | |
| 315134001 | Expectancy | An awareness of how likely it is that the unconditioned stimulus (US) will occur | |
| 315134002 | Charles Darwin | The psychologist that believed that nature prepares the members of each species to learn those things crucial to their survival. | |
| 315134003 | Respondent Behavior | Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. | |
| 315134004 | Operant Behavior | Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | |
| 315134005 | BF Skinner | Modern behaviorisms most influential and controversial figure. | |
| 315134006 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | |
| 315134007 | Operant Chamber | A chamber, also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking. | |
| 315134008 | Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | |
| 315134009 | Successive Approximations | You reward responses that are even closer to the final desired behavior. | |
| 315134010 | Discriminative Stimulus | Like a green traffic light, it signals that a response will be reinforced. | |
| 315134011 | Reinforcement | In operant conditioning, any even that strengthens the behavior it follows. | |
| 315134012 | Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; Any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | |
| 315134013 | Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; Any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. | |
| 315134014 | Primary Reinforcers | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | |
| 315134015 | Conditioned Reinforcers | A stimulus that gains it's reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer. | |
| 315134016 | Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. | |
| 315134017 | Partial Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; resulting in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | |
| 315134018 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | |
| 315134019 | Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | |
| 315134020 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | |
| 315134021 | Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | |
| 315134022 | Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | |
| 315134023 | Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment | |
| 315134024 | Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | |
| 315134025 | Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for his own sake. | |
| 315134026 | Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. | |
| 315134027 | Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | |
| 315134028 | Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | |
| 315134029 | Prosocial | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. | |
| 315134030 | Antisocial | The opposite of prosocial behavior | |
| 315361025 | Method of Loci | Matching each of a series of locations with a visual representation of to-be-remembered items. | |
| 315361026 | Peg-Word System | "One is a bun, two is a show" mnemonic device. |
