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| 344316776 | population revolution | huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. | 0 | |
| 344316777 | Proto-industrialization | preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. | 1 | |
| 344316778 | American Revolution | rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. | 2 | |
| 344316779 | French Revolution | overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. | 3 | |
| 344316780 | Louis XVI | Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. | 4 | |
| 344316781 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. | 5 | |
| 344316782 | guillotine | introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. | 6 | |
| 344316783 | Robespierre | leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries. | 7 | |
| 344316784 | Napoleon Bonaparte | army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. | 8 | |
| 344316785 | Congress of Vienna | met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. | 9 | |
| 344316786 | liberalism | political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 10 | |
| 344316787 | radicals | followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. | 11 | |
| 344316788 | socialism | political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. | 12 | |
| 344316789 | nationalism | European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. | 13 | |
| 344316790 | Greek revolution | rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire. | 14 | |
| 344316791 | French revolution of 1830 | second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. | 15 | |
| 344316792 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. | 16 | |
| 344316793 | Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. | 17 | |
| 344316794 | James Watt | devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution. | 18 | |
| 344316795 | factory system | intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. | 19 | |
| 344316796 | Luddites | workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd. | 20 | |
| 344316797 | Chartist Movement | unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s. | 21 | |
| 344316798 | French Revolution of 1848 | overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic. | 22 | |
| 344316799 | Revolutions of 1848 | he nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed. | 23 | |
| 344316800 | Louis Pasteur | discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. | 24 | |
| 344316801 | Benjamin Disraeli | British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform. | 25 | |
| 344316802 | Camillo di Cavour | architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont. | 26 | |
| 344316803 | Otto von Bismarck | conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability. | 27 | |
| 344316804 | American Civil War (1861-1865) | fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. | 28 | |
| 344316805 | transformismo | political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo. | 29 | |
| 344316806 | "social question" | issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | 30 | |
| 344316807 | Karl Marx | German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship | 31 | |
| 344316808 | revisionism | socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. | 32 | |
| 344316809 | feminist movements | sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women | 33 | |
| 344316810 | mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports. | 34 | |
| 344316811 | Charles Darwin | biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | 35 | |
| 344316812 | Albert Einstein | formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity. | 36 | |
| 344316813 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. | 37 | |
| 344316814 | Romanticism | 19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 38 | |
| 344316815 | American exceptionalism | historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation. | 39 | |
| 344316816 | Triple Alliance | alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. | 40 | |
| 344316817 | Triple Entente | agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I. | 41 | |
| 344316818 | Balkan nationalism | movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I. | 42 | |
| 344316819 | Kingdom of Mataram | controlled most of interior Java in the 17th century; weakness of the state after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to expand their control over all of Java. | 43 | |
| 344316820 | sepoys | Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British. | 44 | |
| 344316821 | Raj | the British political establishment in India. | 45 | |
| 344316822 | Plassey (1757) | battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of northeast India. | 46 | |
| 344316823 | Robert Clive | architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India. | 47 | |
| 344316824 | Presidencies | three districts that comprised the bulk of British ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. | 48 | |
| 344316825 | Princely States | ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty. | 49 | |
| 344316826 | nabobs | name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly. | 50 | |
| 344316827 | Charles Cornwallis | British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s. | 51 | |
| 344316828 | Isandhlwana (1879) | Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies. | 52 | |
| 344316829 | tropical dependencies | Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations. | 53 | |
| 344316830 | White Dominions | a type of settlement colony - as in North America and Australia - where European settlers made up the majority of the population. | 54 | |
| 344316831 | settler colonies | colonies - as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii - where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples. | 55 | |
| 344316832 | white racial supremacy | belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I. | 56 | |
| 344316833 | Great Trek | migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control. | 57 | |
| 344316834 | Boer republics | independent states - the Orange Free State and Transvaal; - established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners. | 58 | |
| 344316835 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics. | 59 | |
| 344316836 | Boer War (1899-1902) | fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left African, population of South Africa under Afrikaner control. | 60 | |
| 344316837 | James Cook | his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West. | 61 | |
| 344316838 | Kamehameha | Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations. | 62 | |
| 344316839 | Great Mahele | Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts; that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests. | 63 |
