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| 415648890 | historiography | the study of historical writing | 0 | |
| 415648891 | pre-history | The period of time before writing. | 1 | |
| 415648892 | What percent genetic difference do humans and apes have? | 1.6% | 2 | |
| 415648893 | Australopithecus | literally, "Southern Ape"; discovered in Southern Africa, an extinct ape identified as a forerunner to modern human beings | 3 | |
| 415648894 | Homo erectus | Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". | 4 | |
| 415648895 | Homo sapiens | "wise man." A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools. | 5 | |
| 415648896 | Homo sapiens sapiens | "very wise man." Humans. A sub-species of Homo sapiens | 6 | |
| 415648897 | Paleolithic | the name given to the Old Stone Age and the time period where most of human pre-history took place. | 7 | |
| 415648898 | Hominid | primate that walks upright, has opposable thumbs, and possesses a large brain; only living members are humans | 8 | |
| 415648899 | Hunting and gathering | The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. | 9 | |
| 415648900 | neanderthal | lived 200,000 - 30,000 years ago, wore animals hides, powerfully built, made shelters, tools like scrapers and blades, had ritual burial rites | 10 | |
| 415648901 | cro-magnon | The very first of the species "homo sapiens" that lived in europe and made cave art. More advanced than neanderthals. | 11 | |
| 415648902 | venus figurines | Small sculptures of women with exaggerated sexual features that displayed interest in fertility. | 12 | |
| 415648903 | Neolithic | "New Stone Age." A period when the hunting and gathering lifestyle gave way to permanent settlements and the tending of plants and animals. Agricultural transition. | 13 | |
| 415648904 | agricultural transition | The transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural societies. | 14 | |
| 415648905 | How did agriculture change the world? | Agriculture enabled humans to settle in permanent locations and in large numbers. | 15 | |
| 415648906 | Catal Huyuk | One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions. | 16 | |
| 415648907 | Metallurgy | The science of working with metals. | 17 | |
| 415648908 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literary fiction. | 18 | |
| 415648909 | Sargon of Akkad | A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire. | 19 | |
| 415648910 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who created the first known law code. (died 1750 BC). | 20 | |
| 415648911 | Nebuchadnezzar | A Babylonian/Chaldean king who conquered Jerusalem and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon | 21 | |
| 415648912 | King David | Second king of Israel. He united Israel. He also made Israel a powerful nation. | 22 | |
| 415648913 | King Saul | First King of the Israelites. (Not the same as Saul Goodman.) | 23 | |
| 415648914 | King Solomon | son of King David; transformed Jerusalem into a magnificent capital through heavy taxation. Lost control of empire due to the construction of Solomon's temple. | 24 | |
| 415648915 | Moses | the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea and into the promised land on a journey known as the Exodus. | 25 | |
| 415648916 | Sumer | an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq | 26 | |
| 415648917 | Tigris and Euphrates | two rivers that form the outside border of Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia) | 27 | |
| 415648918 | Ziggurat | a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians | 28 | |
| 415648919 | Hammurabi's Law Code | First set of defined laws within a civilization discovered. Lex talionis. | 29 | |
| 415648920 | Lex talionis | "law of retaliation," laws in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their crimes; the most famous example is Hammurabi's laws. | 30 | |
| 415648921 | Assyrians | Descendants of the Akkadians who participated in warfare and trade in the region of Mesopotamia. Established an independent state around 1900 BCE. | 31 | |
| 415648922 | Cuneiform | an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia. | 32 | |
| 415648923 | Hebrews, Jews, Israelites | All 3 words are synonyms for the people who came from the eastern Mediterranean region, who followed a monotheistic religion called Judaism. They trace their origin to Abraham, who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the universe. | 33 | |
| 415648924 | Torah | "the law" of the Jewish faith, the Jewish holy scripts. (first five books of the Bible) | 34 | |
| 415648925 | Phoenicians | Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast. | 35 | |
| 415648926 | Indo-Europeans | A number of peoples from Southern Russia and Ukraine who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia. | 36 | |
| 415648927 | Hittites | An Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 B.C. | 37 | |
| 415648928 | Africa's geography | a vast and varied landscape made up of shifting sand dunes, rain forests, sweeping savannas, large deserts, and coastal plains | 38 | |
| 415648929 | Menes | king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt | 39 | |
| 415648930 | Akhenaten | early monotheistic ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with worship of one god, Aten.(died in 1358 BC) | 40 | |
| 415648931 | Nile | River in Egypt; gave life to the Egyptian desert; Biannual flooding; longest river in the world (Over 4000 Mi. long) Had cataracts or rapids; provided fertile soil. | 41 | |
| 415648932 | Nubia | An ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile | 42 | |
| 415648933 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 43 | |
| 415648934 | Pharaoh | the title of the ancient Egyptian kings. had supreme power and was a god or demi-god. | 44 | |
| 415648935 | Memphis | The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. | 45 | |
| 415648936 | Hyksos | A group of nomadic invaders from southwest asia who invaded and ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C. | 46 | |
| 415648937 | Queen Hatshepsut | Ruler of Egypt who built impressive monuments and temples, who expanded trade south to Punt on the Red Sea and north to Asia Minor and Greece. | 47 | |
| 415648938 | Hieroglyphics | an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds | 48 | |
| 415648939 | Amon-Re | Egyptian sun god. Represented the sun, youth, fertility, and seductive forces. Believed to be universal god. | 49 | |
| 415648940 | Mummification | Embalming and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy | 50 | |
| 415648941 | Bantu | A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa. | 51 |
