Ch.1-4's key terms, people to know, and important facts
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| 436918119 | Canadian Shield | a zone undergirded by ancient rock, probably the first part of what became the north american landmass to have emerged above sea level | |
| 436918120 | Incas | highly advanced south american civilization that occupied present day peru until it was conquered by spanish forces under francisco pizarro in 1532; developed sophisticated agricultural techniques so sustain large, complex societies | |
| 436918121 | nation-state | modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity | |
| 436918122 | Aztecs | native american empire that controlled present-day mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés; maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies | |
| 436918123 | cahokia | mississippian settlement near present-day east st.louis, home to as many as 25,000 native americans | |
| 436918124 | three-sister farming | agricultural system employed by north american indians as early as 1,000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields | |
| 436918125 | middlemen | in trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers | |
| 436918126 | caravel | small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails | |
| 436918127 | plantation | large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor | |
| 436918128 | Columbian Exchange | the transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492 | |
| 436918129 | Treaty of Tordesillas | signed by spain and portugal, dividing the territories of the New World; spain received the bulk of territory in the americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia | |
| 436918130 | conquistadores | spanish conquerors or adventurers in the americas | |
| 436918131 | capitalism | economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets | |
| 436918132 | encomienda | spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them | |
| 436918133 | noche triste | "sad night", when the aztecs attacked hernán cortés and his forces in the aztec capital, tenochitlán, killing hundreds; cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of spanish rule | |
| 436918134 | mestizos | people of mixed indian and european heritage, notably in mexico | |
| 436918135 | Battle of Acoma | fought between spaniards under don juan de oñate and the pueblo indians in present-day new mexico; spaniards brutally crushed the pueblo peoples and established the territory as new mexico in 1609 | |
| 436918136 | Popé's Rebellion | pueblo indian rebelión that drove spanish setters from new mexico | |
| 436918137 | Black Legend | false notion that spanish conquerors did little but butcher the indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ | |
| 436918138 | Ferdinand of Aragon | kingdom of spain became united when "insert name here" married isabella of castile (both sovereigns) | |
| 436918139 | Isabella of Castile | kingdom of spain became united when "insert name here" married ferdinand of aragon (both sovereigns) | |
| 436918140 | Christopher Columbus | italian seafarer who persuaded spanish monarchs to provide him with 3 ships and a crew; 1492, him and his crew landed on an island in the bahamas; thought he had reached the indies | |
| 436918141 | Francisco Coronado | ... | |
| 436918142 | Francisco Pizarro | ... | |
| 436918143 | Bartolomé de Las Casas | ... | |
| 436918144 | Hernán Cortés | ... | |
| 436918145 | Malinche (Doña Marina) | ... | |
| 436918146 | Moctezuma | ... | |
| 436918147 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | english sent "insert name here" to explore the northeastern coast of north america in 1497 and 1498 | |
| 436918148 | Robert de La Salle | ... | |
| 436918149 | Father Juniper Serra | ... | |
| 436918150 | Protestant Reformation | movement to reform the catholic church launched in germany by martin luther; reformers questioned the authority of the pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the bible from latin, which few at the time could read; the reformation was launched in england in the 1530s when king henry viii broke with the roman catholic church | |
| 436918151 | Roanoke Island | sir walter raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of north carolina | |
| 436918152 | Spanish Armada | spanish fleet defeated in the english channel in 1588; defeat of the "insert word here" marked beginning of the end of the spanish empire | |
| 436918153 | primogeniture | legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land; landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the americas | |
| 436918154 | joint-stock company | short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund england's early colonial ventures | |
| 436918155 | Virginia Company | english joint-stock company that received a charter from king james i that allowed it to found the virginia colony | |
| 436918156 | charter | legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations; british colonial "insert word here" guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to britain during the early years of settlement | |
| 436918157 | Jamestown | 1607; first permanent english settlement in north america founded by the virginia company | |
| 436918158 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | series of clashes between the powhatan confederacy and english settlers in virginia; english colonists torched and pillaged indian villages, applying tactics used in england's campaign against the irish | |
| 436918159 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | last-ditch effort by the indians to dislodge virginia settlements; the resulting peace treaty formally separated with and indian areas of settlement | |
| 436918160 | House of Burgesses | representative parliamentary assembly created to govern virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the english colonies | |
| 436918161 | Act of Toleration | passed in maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of jesus christ; ensured that maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of catholic migrant throughout the colonial period | |
| 436918162 | Barbados slave code | first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters; similar statutes are adopted by southern plantation societies on the north american mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries | |
| 436918163 | squatters | frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement; many of north carolina's early settlers were "insert word here", who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors | |
| 436918164 | Iroquois Confederacy | bound together five tribes--the mohawks, the oneidas, the onondagas, the cayugas, and the senecas--in the mohawk valley of what is now new york state | |
| 436918165 | Tuscarora War | began with an indian attack on newbern, north carolina; after the tuscaroras were defeated, remaining indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the iroquois confederacy as its sixth nation | |
| 436918166 | Yamasee Indians | defeated by the south carolinians in the war of 1715-1716; the defeat devastated the last of the coastal indian tribes in the southern colonies | |
| 436918167 | buffer | in politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them; in british north america, georgia was established as a "insert word here" colony between british and spanish territory | |
| 436918168 | Henry VIII | ... | |
| 436918169 | Elizabeth I | ... | |
| 436918170 | Sir Francis Drake | ... | |
| 436918171 | Sir Walter Raleigh | ... | |
| 436918172 | James I | ... | |
| 436918173 | Captain John Smith | ... | |
| 436918174 | Powhatan | ... | |
| 436918175 | Pocahontas | ... | |
| 436918176 | Lord De La Warr | ... | |
| 436918177 | John Rolfe | ... | |
| 436918178 | Lord Baltimore | ... | |
| 436918179 | Oliver Cromwell | ... | |
| 436918180 | James Oglethorpe | ... | |
| 436918181 | Hiawatha | ... | |
| 436918182 | Calvinism | dominant theological credo of the new england puritans based on the teachings of john calvin; "insert word here" believe in predestination--that only "the elect" were destined for salvation | |
| 436918183 | predestination | calvinist doctrine that god has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned; though their fate was irreversible, calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation, sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the "elect" | |
| 436918184 | conversion | intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the "elect," or the "visible saints"; calvinists who experienced "insert word here" were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their salvation | |
| 436918185 | Puritans | english protestant reformers who sought to purify the church of england of catholic rituals and creeds; some of the most devout "insert word here" believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership | |
| 436918186 | Separatists | small group of puritans who sought to break away entirely from the church of england; after initially settling in holland, a number of english "insert word here" made their way to plymouth bay, massachusetts in 1620 | |
| 436918187 | Mayflower Compact | agreement to form a majoritarian government in plymouth, signed aboard the mayflower; created a foundation for self-government in the colony | |
| 436918188 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | established by non-separating puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the new england colonies | |
| 436918189 | Great Migration | migration of 70,000 refugees from england to the north american colonies, primarily new england and the caribbean; the 20,000 migrants who came to massachusetts largely shared a common sense of purpose--to establish a model christian settlement in the new world | |
| 436918190 | antinomianism | belief that the elect need not obey the law of either god or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by anne hutchinson | |
| 436918191 | Fundamental Orders | drafted by settlers in the connecticut river valley, document was the first "modern constitution" establishing a democratically controlled government; key feature of the document were borrowed for connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution | |
| 436918192 | Pequot War | series of clashes between english settlers and pequot indians in the connecticut river valley; ended in the slaughter of the pequots by the puritans and their narragansett indian allies | |
| 436918193 | King Philip's War | series of assaults by metacom, king "insert name here", on english settlements in new england; the attacks slowed the westward migration of new england settlers for several decades | |
| 436918194 | New England Confederation | weak union of the colonies in massachusetts and connecticut led by puritans for the purposes of defense and organization, an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the english civil war | |
| 436918195 | English Civil War | armed conflict between royalists and parliaments, resulting in the victory of pro-parliament forces and the execution of charles i | |
| 436918196 | Dominion of New England | administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of new england, new york, and east and west jersey; placed under the rule of sir edmund andros who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced navigation laws; its collapse after the glorious revolution in england demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control | |
| 436918197 | Navigation Laws | series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only english ships would be allowed to trade in english colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through england | |
| 436918198 | Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution | relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular catholic monarch, james ii, replacing him with dutch-born william iii and mary, daughter of james ii, william and mary accepted increased parliamentary oversight and new limits on monarchial authority | |
| 436918199 | salutary neglect | unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of navigation laws; lasted form the glorious revolution to the end of the french and indian war in 1763 | |
| 436918200 | patroonships | vast tracts of land along the hudson river in new netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property | |
| 436918201 | Quakers | religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic indian policy, who settled heavily in pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries | |
| 436918202 | blue laws | also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality; "insert word here" were passed across the colonies, particularly in puritan new england and quaker pennsylvania | |
| 436918203 | Martin Luther | ... | |
| 436918204 | John Calvin | ... | |
| 436918205 | William Bradford | ... | |
| 436918206 | John Winthrop | ... | |
| 436918207 | Anne Hutchinson | ... | |
| 436918208 | Roger Williams | ... | |
| 436918209 | Massaoit | ... | |
| 436918210 | Metacom (King Philip) | ... | |
| 436918211 | Charles II | ... | |
| 436918212 | Sir Edmund Andros | ... | |
| 436918213 | William III | ... | |
| 436918214 | Mary II | ... | |
| 436918215 | Henry Hudson | ... | |
| 436918216 | Peter Stuyvesant | ... | |
| 436918217 | Duke of York | ... | |
| 436918218 | William Penn | ... | |
| 436918219 | indentured servants | migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years; their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement | |
| 436918220 | headright system | employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony | |
| 436918221 | Bacon's Rebellion | uprising of virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter nathaniel bacon; initially a response to governor william berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite | |
| 436918222 | Royal African Company | english joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave trade from 1672 until 1698; the supply of slaves to the north american colonies rose sharply one the company lost its monopoly privileges | |
| 436918223 | middle passage | transatlantic voyage slaves endures between africa and the colonies; mortality rates were notoriously high | |
| 436918224 | slave codes | set of laws defining racial slavery beginning in 1662, including establishing the hereditary nature of slavery, and legally limiting the right and learning of slaves | |
| 436918225 | New York slave revolt | uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of non whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks | |
| 436918226 | South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River) | uprising, also known as the stone rebellion, of more than fifty south carolina black along the stone river; the slaves attempted to reach spanish florida but were stopped by the south carolina militia | |
| 436918227 | Congregational Church | self-governing puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the anglican church | |
| 436918228 | jeremiad | often-fiery sermons amending the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in new england in the mid-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying old testament prophet jeremiah | |
| 436918229 | Half-Way Covenant | agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation puritans | |
| 436918230 | Salem witch trials | series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in salem, massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town; twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to and end by the governor of massachusetts | |
| 436918231 | Leisler's Rebellion | armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by jacob leisure and the ruling elite of new york; of of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to recreate european social structures in the new world | |
| 436918232 | William Berkeley | ... | |
| 436918233 | Nathaniel Bacon | ... | |
| 436918234 | Anthony Johnson | ... |
