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| 2079759138 | signal transduction pathway | A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. | 0 | |
| 2079759139 | local regulator | A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. | 1 | |
| 2079759140 | hormone | One of many types of secreted chemicals formed in specialized cells which travel in body fluids and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning. | 2 | |
| 2079759141 | ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. | 3 | |
| 2079759142 | G protein-coupled receptor | A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. | 4 | |
| 2079759143 | G protein | GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins in the cell. | 5 | |
| 2079759144 | paracrine signaling | A secreting cells acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator (e.g. a growth factor) into the extracellular fluid. | 6 | |
| 2079759145 | synaptic signaling | A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell. | 7 | |
| 2079759146 | hormonal signaling | Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells. | 8 | |
| 2079759147 | receptor tyrosine kinase | Receptor protein in the plasma membrane; the intracellular part can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Often respond to the binding of a signal molecule by dimerizing then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor of the dimer. Phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptor then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell. | 9 | |
| 2079759148 | ligand-gated ion channel | A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. | 10 | |
| 2079759149 | transcription factor | Regulate which genes are turned on; which genes are transcribed into messenger RNA. | 11 | |
| 2079759150 | protein kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, phosphorylating the protein. | 12 | |
| 2079759151 | protein phosphatase | An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often serving to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. | 13 | |
| 2079759152 | second messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble ion or molecule, such as Ca2+ or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to signaling molecules bound by a signal receptor protein. | 14 | |
| 2079759153 | cyclic AMP | A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. | 15 | |
| 2079759154 | adenylyl cyclase | And enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP in response to a signal. | 16 | |
| 2079759155 | IP3 | A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in Ca2+ cytoplasmic concentration. | 17 | |
| 2079759156 | scaffolding protein | A large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction. | 18 |
