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| 5818837082 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia 4000 BCE created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states | 0 | |
| 5818837083 | City-state | a form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 1 | |
| 5818837084 | cuneiform | a form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 2 | |
| 5818837085 | epic of gilgamesh | the first literary epic in Western civilization; written down 2000 bce; included story of great flood | 3 | |
| 5818837086 | ziggurat | massive tower usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes | 4 | |
| 5818837087 | animism | a religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions | 5 | |
| 5818837088 | civilization | societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existance if nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups | 6 | |
| 5818837089 | Sargon I | Ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in Mesopotamian civilization 2400 | 7 | |
| 5818837090 | Babylonian Empire | unified all of mesopotamia in 1800 bce; collapse due to foreign invasion in 1600 bce | 8 | |
| 5818837091 | Hammurabi's Code of Law | created by King Hammurabi of the Babylonian Empire; first law system ever written; used to protect weak and unify the empire | 9 | |
| 5818837092 | pharaoh | egyptian kings | 10 | |
| 5818837093 | Narmer | first pharaoh of Old Kingdom Egypt | 11 | |
| 5818837094 | Akhenaton | Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted to establish monotheistic religion but ultimately failed | 12 | |
| 5818837095 | Kush | an african state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile 1000 bce; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 13 | |
| 5818837096 | Meroe | ancient city on the east bank of the Nile in southern Sudan; served as southern capital of the Kushite kingdom from 800-350 bce | 14 | |
| 5818837097 | Axum | kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroe in the first century ce; received strong influence from Arabian Peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity | 15 | |
| 5818837098 | Minoan | a civilization that developed on the island of Crete 1600 bce; capital at the palace complex of Knossos | 16 | |
| 5818837099 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 17 |
