From chapter ten of Psychology by David Meyers
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| 3517621731 | cognition | The combined function of thinking, remembering, knowing, and communicating information. | 0 | |
| 3517621732 | concept | A mental gathering of similar events, concepts and people. | 1 | |
| 3517621733 | prototype | The ideal example of a particular category. | 2 | |
| 3517621734 | algorithm | A standard fixed procedure to approach and solve problems with. like a formula. sometimes it can be slow but it guarantees success. | 3 | |
| 3517621735 | heuristic | A relatively simple thinking strategies that allow us to make decisions and judgment calls. unlike algorithms they are more efficient, but they do not always guarantee success. | 4 | |
| 3517621736 | insight | A sudden and unique realization to the answer of a problem can lead to success after trial and error or inspire a new instance of trial and error. | 5 | |
| 3517621737 | confirmation bias | A typical obstacle in problem solving. it is the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our own beliefs/preconceptions on the subject matter at hand. | 6 | |
| 3517621738 | fixation | The difficulty in not being able to look at a problem in a new way. | 7 | |
| 3517621739 | mental set | The tendency to apply a problem-solving strategy even when it is no longer helpful. | 8 | |
| 3517621740 | functional fixedness | This is a type of fixation where the individual can only think of other tings in relation to their own functions. | 9 | |
| 3517621741 | representativeness heuristic | Tendency to predict the likelihood of things in respects to how well they conform to one's own prototypes. | 10 | |
| 3517621742 | availability heuristic | Based on guessing the probability of certain events depending on how quickly they come to mind. | 11 | |
| 3517621743 | overconfidence | Tendency to overestimate the correctness of one's own beliefs and judgments. | 12 | |
| 3517621744 | framing | The way a question is worded which can affect people's perception on of the issue/answer to the question/problem. | 13 | |
| 3517621745 | belief bias | Tendency for one's preconceptions/beliefs to become an obstacle in objective reasoning. | 14 | |
| 3517621746 | belief perseverance | The tendency for people to continue to support a particular belief even though they are given info that invalidates that belief. | 15 | |
| 3517621747 | language | Spoken, written, or gestured words and how they are used to carry meaning | 16 | |
| 3517621748 | phonemes | Smallest unit of language. these sounds are relatively distinctive for different languages. | 17 | |
| 3517621749 | morphemes | Smallest units of language that carry meaning. the word "dogs" has four phonemes, but two morphemes. "dog" and "s" this meaning dog (concept) and there are multiple ("s"). | 18 | |
| 3517621750 | grammar | The rules that allow us to organize language so that we can understand and communicate with others. | 19 | |
| 3517621751 | semantics | Aspect of grammar that allows us to acquire meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language. | 20 | |
| 3517621752 | syntax | Aspect of grammar that specifies the rules of sentence structure to create grammatically sound sentences to allow for effective communication. | 21 | |
| 3517621753 | babbling | Atage of speech development in infants at around 4 months. characterized by spontaneous utterance of speech-related sounds. | 22 | |
| 3517621754 | one-word stage | Stage between 1-2 years when babies speak in single words. | 23 | |
| 3517621755 | two-word stage | Stage starting at around 2 years when children begin to speak mostly in two-word sentences. | 24 | |
| 3517621756 | telegraphic speech | The economical (unwasteful) telegram-like speech of children in the two-word stage. However the words are in grammatical order indicating the child has gained an understanding of the languages syntactic rules. | 25 | |
| 3517621757 | linguistic determinism | Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. | 26 | |
| 3517621758 | Apes and language | Scientists beleive that apes do possess language to some extent, but nowhere near human capability. some skeptics believe it is merely conditioning. however, Washoe and her adoptive baby learned to sign with each other and eventually other apes in the enclosure began to sign to one another to communicate. | 27 | |
| 3517621759 | Tversky and Kahneman | Two cognitive psychologists that identified the representativeness and availability heuristic. | 28 | |
| 3517621760 | intuition | Smart intuition that is created through experience can be very useful. I.E. an expert chess player will know the right move after a short glance at the board. | 29 | |
| 3517621761 | Critical period | There is an ideal timeframe for children to acquire a first language and truly master it. proven to be the same with apes and sign language. | 30 | |
| 3520379439 | Aphasia | Impairment of language, usually cause by left-hemisphere damage ether to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | 31 | |
| 3520390605 | Broca's Area | Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe usually in left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | 32 | |
| 3520405341 | Wernicke's Area | Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | 33 |
