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| 6404479074 | learning | Gaining new information and behaviors by experience. (p. 238) | 0 | |
| 6404479075 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. (p. 238) | 1 | |
| 6404479076 | stimulus | Something that evokes a response (p. 238) | 2 | |
| 6404479077 | cognitive learning | Gaining mental information (p. 239) | 3 | |
| 6404479078 | classical conditioning | Learning where someone links events and then anticipates events. | 4 | |
| 6404479079 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). | 5 | |
| 6404479080 | neutral stimulus (NS) | Stimulus that does NOTHING, before classical conditioning. | 6 | |
| 6404479081 | unconditioned response (UR) | The response to an unconditioned stimulus. | 7 | |
| 6404479082 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | Naturally triggers a response, without conditioning | 8 | |
| 6404479083 | conditioned response (CR) | Learned response to a previous neutral stimulus as a result of conditioning. | 9 | |
| 6404479084 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | Causes a response AFTER conditioning. | 10 | |
| 6404479085 | acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage of an association. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 11 | |
| 6404479086 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 12 | |
| 6404479087 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 13 | |
| 6404479088 | generalization | When similar stimuli get the same response. | 14 | |
| 6404479089 | discrimination | The ability to tell the difference between a conditioned stimulus and a similar stimulus. | 15 | |
| 6404479090 | operant conditioning | Learning where behavior is strengthened by reinforcement and diminished by punishment. | 16 | |
| 6404479091 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. | 17 | |
| 6404479092 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning, the animal box. | 18 | |
| 6404479093 | reinforcement | Any event that strengthens a behavior. | 19 | |
| 6404479094 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | 20 | |
| 6404479095 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | 21 | |
| 6404479096 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) | 22 | |
| 6404479097 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. | 23 | |
| 6404479098 | conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. | 24 | |
| 6404479099 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. | 25 | |
| 6404479100 | reinforcement schedule | a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. | 26 | |
| 6404479101 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | 27 | |
| 6404479102 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | 28 | |
| 6404479103 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | 29 | |
| 6404479104 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | 30 | |
| 6404479105 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. | 31 | |
| 6404479106 | punishment | an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows. | 32 | |
| 6404479107 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. | 33 | |
| 6404479108 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | 34 | |
| 6404479109 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 35 | |
| 6404479110 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | 36 | |
| 6404479111 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | 37 | |
| 6404479112 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. | 38 | |
| 6404479113 | observational learning | learning by observing others. | 39 | |
| 6404479114 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. | 40 | |
| 6404479115 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. | 41 | |
| 6404479116 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. | 42 |
