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| 6725579301 | Scientific Revolution | process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture | 0 | |
| 6725581962 | Copernicus | Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center | 1 | |
| 6725586854 | Galileo | publicized Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work | 2 | |
| 6725590228 | Rene Descartes | philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 3 | |
| 6725593459 | Isaac Newton | English scientist; authored Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity | 4 | |
| 6725605347 | Deism | concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion | 5 | |
| 6725609629 | John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; they had the right to overthrow tyrants | 6 | |
| 6725614092 | Absolute monarchy | concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state | 7 | |
| 6725615863 | Louis XIV | French king who personified absolute monarchy | 8 | |
| 6725619758 | Glorious Revolution | English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 which affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king | 9 | |
| 6725623753 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king who introduced Enlightenment reforms; included freedom of religion and increased state control of the economy | 10 | |
| 6725628305 | Enlightenment | intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior | 11 | |
| 6725630963 | Adam Smith | established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces | 12 | |
| 6725686269 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women | 13 | |
| 6725690889 | Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (caesar) | 14 | |
| 6725696560 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture | 15 | |
| 6725707743 | Cossacks | peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia | 16 | |
| 6725712140 | Time of Troubles | early 17th century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death without an heir of Ivan IV; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613 | 17 | |
| 6725714631 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov ruler; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church | 18 | |
| 6725724463 | Old Believers | conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia | 19 | |
| 6725727232 | Peter I (the Great) | tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models | 20 | |
| 6725729573 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined receptivity to selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry | 21 | |
| 6725732392 | Partition of Poland | three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as a n independent state | 22 | |
| 6725736739 | Pugachev rebellion | unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter | 23 | |
| 6725739703 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille | monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of New World | 24 | |
| 6725742092 | Encomiendas | grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance | 25 | |
| 6725743843 | Hernan Cortes | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire and established Spanish colonial rule | 26 | |
| 6725749072 | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortes's conquest | 27 | |
| 6725752889 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system | 28 | |
| 6725756187 | Mita | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects | 29 | |
| 6725770694 | Haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy | 30 | |
| 6725779688 | Consulado | merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of silver shipped in return | 31 | |
| 6725782361 | Galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of bullion | 32 | |
| 6725785718 | Treaty of Tordesillas | concluded in 1494 between Castille and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the new World Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain | 33 | |
| 6725789411 | Recopilacion | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies | 34 | |
| 6725793226 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies | 35 |
