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| 7870015534 | Lipids | Organic molecules that are characterized by low solubility in water, that is, are relatively hydrophobic | 0 | |
| 7870020968 | Storage of energy | -reduced compounds: lots of available energy -hydrophobic nature: good packing | 1 | |
| 7870023394 | Insulation from environment | -low thermal conductivity -high heat capacity (can "absorb" heat) -Mechanical protection (can absorb shocks) | 2 | |
| 7870029159 | Water repellant | Hydrophobic nature: keeps surface of the organism dry -prevents excessive wetting (birds) -prevents loss of water via evaporation | 3 | |
| 7870035285 | Buoyancy control and acoustics in marine mammals | -increased density while diving deep helps sinking (just a hypothesis) -spermaceti organ may focus sound energy: sound stun gun? | 4 | |
| 7870041502 | Membrane structure | main structure of cell membranes | 5 | |
| 7870043507 | Cofactors for enzymes | -vitamin K: blood clot formation -coenzyme Q: ATP synthesis in mitochondria | 6 | |
| 7870047455 | Signaling molecules | Paracrine hormones steroid hormones growth factors Vitamins A and D (hormone precursors) | 7 | |
| 7870050396 | paracrine hormones | act locally | 8 | |
| 7870052225 | steroid hormones | act body-wide | 9 | |
| 7870054358 | Vitamins A and D | hormone precursors | 10 | |
| 7870056906 | Pigments | color of tomatoes, carrots, pumpkins, some birds | 11 | |
| 7870058569 | vitamin E | antioxidant pertaining of lipids | 12 | |
| 7870067374 | Two major lipids | -Lipids that contain fatty acids -Lipids that do not contain fatty acids | 13 | |
| 7870069913 | Complex lipids | contain fatty acids | 14 | |
| 7870071821 | Two complex lipids | storage and membrane lipids | 15 | |
| 7870074463 | Fatty acids | carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing between 4 to 36 carbons -Almost all natural fastty acids have an even number of carbons -most naturally fatty acids are unbranched | 16 | |
| 7870079904 | Saturated | no double bonds between carbons in the chain | 17 | |
| 7870081432 | Monounsaturated | one double bond between carbons in teh alkyl chain | 18 | |
| 7870082774 | Polyunsaturated | More than one double in the alkyl chain | 19 | |
| 7870086387 | Systematic name | IUPAC nomenclature | 20 | |
| 7870086388 | common name | such as oleic acid | 21 | |
| 7870088461 | Delta numbering | Describes location of the first carbon of the alkene in relationship to the carbonyl carbon | 22 | |
| 7870096221 | Omega numbering | Describes location of the first carbon of the alkene in relationship to the terminal methyl | 23 | |
| 7870128133 | Omega-3 fatty acids | -essential nutrients -Humans need them but cannot synthesize them -They include ALA, DHA, and EPA --DHA, EPA can be synthesized from ALA | 24 | |
| 7870134774 | Solubility | decreases as the chain length increases | 25 | |
| 7870135898 | Melting point | decreases as the chain length decreases -Decreases as the number of double bonds increases | 26 | |
| 7870141681 | Conformation of fatty acids | -saturated chain adopt extended conformations -double bonds in natural unsaturated fatty acids are commonly in cis configuration, which kinks the chain | 27 | |
| 7870145815 | cis conformation | Double bonds in fatty acids adopt ____ _________ | 28 | |
| 7870153878 | Orderly | Saturated fatty acids pack in an _____ way -extensive favorable interactions | 29 | |
| 7870156023 | disordered | Unsaturated cis fatty acids pack less orderly due to the kink -less-extensive favorable interactions | 30 | |
| 7870163698 | lower | Unsaturated cis fatty acids have a ______ melting point than saturated fatty acids | 31 | |
| 7870170010 | Trans fatty acids | -form by partial dehydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids -done to increase shelf life or stability at high temps of oils used in cooking -have extended conformation -higher melting points | 32 | |
| 7870188614 | cardiovascular disease | consuming trans fats increases risk of _____________ _______ | 33 | |
| 7870196361 | FA | fatty acids | 34 | |
| 7870196362 | GL | glycerolipids | 35 | |
| 7870197576 | GP | glycerophospholipids | 36 | |
| 7870199223 | SP | sphingolipids | 37 | |
| 7870199224 | ST | sterol lipids | 38 | |
| 7870200664 | PR | prenol lipids | 39 | |
| 7870200665 | SL | Saccharolipids | 40 | |
| 7870202849 | PK | polyketides | 41 | |
| 7870207592 | Triacylglycerols | (nonpolar) -majority of fatty acids in biological systems are found in this form -less dense than water | 42 | |
| 7870210347 | fats | solid triacylglycerols | 43 | |
| 7870211865 | oils | liquid triacylglycerols | 44 | |
| 7870213281 | body fat | primary storage form of lipids using triacylglycerols | 45 | |
| 7870218735 | esterification | Triacylglycerols are less soluble in water than fatty acids due to the ________ of the carboxylate group | 46 | |
| 7870249802 | More | Fatty acids carry ____ energy per carbon than polysaccharides because they are produced | 47 | |
| 7870253081 | Less | Fatty acids carry ____ water per gram because they are nonpoilar | 48 | |
| 7870254931 | Glucose and glycogen | for short-term energy needs and quick delivery | 49 | |
| 7870256969 | long-term | Fats are for ___ ____ energy needs, good storage, and slow delivery | 50 | |
| 7870259977 | Waxes | esters of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain alcohols -insoluble and have high melting points | 51 | |
| 7870270314 | Wax functions | -Storage of metabolic fuel in plankton -protection and pliability for hair and skin in vertebrates -waterproofing of feathers in birds -protection from evaporation in tropical plants and ivy -used by people in lotions, ointments, and polishes | 52 | |
| 7870282889 | Beeswax | Mixture of a large number of lipids, including esters of triacontanol, and a long-chain alkane hentiacontane | 53 | |
| 7870289212 | Membrane lipids | contain polar head groups and nonpolar tails (usually attached fatty acids) | 54 | |
| 7870290975 | Membrane lipid diversification | -modifying a different backbone -changing the fatty acids -modifying the head groups | 55 | |
| 7870296997 | Organisms and tissues | Different __________ ___ _______ have different membrane lipid head group compositions | 56 | |
| 7870304476 | Glycerophospholipids | -primary constituents of cell membranes -two fatty acids form ester linkages witht eh first and second hydroxyl groups of L-glycerol-3-phosphate | 57 | |
| 7870313544 | charged | phosphate group is ____ at physiological pH | 58 | |
| 7870316734 | Structure of glycerophospholipds | Unsaturated fatty acids commonly found connected to C2 of glycerol-3-phosphate -the highly polar phosphate group may be further esterified by an alcohol; such substituent groups are called head groups | 59 | |
| 7870324114 | glycerol-3-phosphate | Esterification forms glycerophospholipids |  | 60 |
| 7870330604 | phosphatidycholine | -choline as head group -major component of most eukaryotic cell membranes -many prokaryotes, including E. coli, cannot synthesize this lipid; their membranes do not contain it | 61 | |
| 7870340117 | choline |  | 62 | |
| 7870362816 | Plasmologen | -vinyl ether analog of phosphatiylethanolamine -common in vertebrate heart tissue -also found in protozoa and anaerobic bacteria -function not well understood | 63 | |
| 7870376211 | Platelets-Activating Factor | -Aliphatic ether analog of phosphatidylcholine -Acetic acid has esterified position C2 -first signaling lipid to be identified -stimulates aggregation of blood platelets -plays role in mediation of inflammation | 64 | |
| 7870384648 | Sphingolipids | -Backbone: long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine -Fatty acid joined to sphingosine via an amide linkage, rather than an ester linkage as usually seen in lipids -polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a glycosidic of phosphodiester linkage -The sugar-containing glycosphingolipids are found largely in the outer face of plasma membranes | 65 | |
| 7870406001 | sphingosine | backbone of sphingolipids -long-chain amino alcohol | 66 | |
| 7870408093 | amide linkage | fatty acid joined to sphingosine via: | 67 | |
| 7870410056 | glycosidic or phosphodiester | Polar head group is connected to sphingosine by a ________ or ________ linkage | 68 | |
| 7870414638 | Ceramide | sphingosine + amide-linked fatty acid | 69 | |
| 7870416325 | kSphingomyelin | Ceramide + phosphocholine attached to the alcoihol | 70 | |
| 7870417918 | myelin sheath | sphingomyelin is abundant in: | 71 | |
| 7870421686 | Blood groups | determined in part by the type of sugars located on the head groups in glycosphingolipids | 72 | |
| 7870426055 | glycosyltransferases | Structure of sugar determined by an expression of specific ________. This helps determine blood type | 73 | |
| 7870429643 | O antigen | individuals with no active glycosyltransferase | 74 | |
| 7870431451 | A blood group | Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers an N-acetylgalactosamine group | 75 | |
| 7870434239 | B blood group | Individuals with a glycosyltransferase that transfers a galactose group | 76 | |
| 7870489894 | Lysosome | Structural and signaling lipids are degraded in the ________ | 77 | |
| 7870507134 | Phospholipases A-D | phospholipids are degraded by: -each one cleaves a specific bond | 78 | |
| 7870527290 | Gangliosides | degraded via a series of enzymatic cleavages | 79 | |
| 7870751303 | Lysosomal storage disorders | caused by the failure to correctly degrade gangliosides results in build-up of lipids in lysosomes, a dysfunction categorized as: | 80 | |
| 7870756318 | Sterol | -Steroid nucleus: four fused rings -hydroxyl group (polar head) in the A-ring -Various nonpolar side chains -tetracycle structure is almost planar | 81 | |
| 7870797725 | Cholesterol | -this and related sterols are present in membranes of most eukaryotic cells --modulate fluidity and permeability --thicken the plasma membrane --no sterols in most bacteria | 82 | |
| 7870801737 | Mammals | obtain cholesterol from food or synthesize it de novo in the liver | 83 | |
| 7870811642 | Cholesterol bound to proteins | -transported to tissues via blood vessels -cholesterol in low-density lipoproteins tends to deposit and clog arteries | 84 | |
| 7870823651 | hormones | many are derivatives of sterols | 85 | |
| 7870826718 | Steroids | -oxidized derivatives of sterols -have the sterol nucleus but lack the alkyl chain found in cholesterol -more polar than cholesterol | 86 | |
| 7870831017 | gonads and adrenal glands | location of the synthesis from cholesterol | 87 | |
| 7870903386 | carrier proteins | aid in the transport of steroid hormones in blood stream | 88 | |
| 7870906087 | male and female sex hormones | many steroid hormones are what kind of hormones | 89 | |
| 7870909167 | testosterone |  | 90 | |
| 7870909958 | cortisol |  | 91 | |
| 7870910913 | prednisone |  | 92 | |
| 7870915907 | β-Estradiol |  | 93 | |
| 7870918268 | Aldosterone |  | 94 | |
| 7870919649 | Prednisolone |  | 95 | |
| 7870921362 | Brassinolide |  | 96 | |
| 7870924801 | Biologically active lipids | -present in much smaller amounts than storage or structural lipids -play vital roles as signaling molecules between nearby cells | 97 | |
| 7870928814 | Lipid soluble vitamins | Vitamins A, D, E, and K | 98 | |
| 7870932938 | Arachidonic acid derivatives | -act as signaling lilpids -enzymatic oxidation | 99 | |
| 7870936578 | Prostaglandins | inflammation and fever | 100 | |
| 7870938108 | thromboxanes | formation of blood clots | 101 | |
| 7870938110 | leukotrienes | smooth muscle contraction in lungs | 102 | |
| 7870940345 | Retinol | vitamin A, derived from beta carotene -involved in visual pigment -precursor for other hormones involved in signaling | 103 | |
| 7870947920 | Vitamin E | an antioxidant | 104 | |
| 7870947922 | Vitamin K | a blood clotting cofactor (phylloquinone) | 105 | |
| 7870950306 | Warfarin | a blood anticoagulant | 106 | |
| 7870951718 | Ubiquinone | a mitochondrial electron carrier (coenzyme Q) | 107 | |
| 7870953673 | Plastoquinone | a chloroplast electron carrier | 108 | |
| 7870955619 | Dolichol | a sugar carrier | 109 | |
| 7870959125 | Polyketides | biologically active lipids with medicinal uses: -diverse family of compounds synthesized similarly to fatty acid biosynthesis --commonly secondary metabolites with specialized function | 110 |
