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| 5309849320 | Robert Hooke | FIrst to see the cell wall of a dead cells and coined the term "cell" | 0 | |
| 5309858755 | Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | First to see living cells | 1 | |
| 5309861695 | Light Microscope (LM) | Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses to refract light to magnify the image | 2 | |
| 5309888698 | Electron Microscope (EM) | Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface | 3 | |
| 5309893014 | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Beam excites electrons on the surface of the sample, which is coated with a thin film of gold, to create a three-dimensional image | 4 | |
| 5309912061 | Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | Electron beam is passed through a thin layer of heavy metal stained tissue and absorbed differently by the specimen to see internal structures | 5 | |
| 5309927444 | Cell Fractionation | Separation of cellular structures by centrifugation | 6 | |
| 5311000134 | Nucleus | A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities. | 7 | |
| 5311000135 | Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus. | 8 | |
| 5311001642 | Nuclear Lamina | A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus. | 9 | |
| 5311001643 | Chromosomes | A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | 10 | |
| 5311001644 | Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | 11 | |
| 5311003182 | Nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes | 12 | |
| 5311003183 | Ribosomes | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. | 13 | |
| 5311006148 | Nuclear Pore | Structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm | 14 | |
| 5312415798 | Endomembrane System | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |  | 15 |
| 5312415799 | Vesicles | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell | 16 | |
| 5312417382 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. | 17 | |
| 5312417383 | Smooth ER | Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify drugs and poisons (liver cells). | 18 | |
| 5312417384 | Rough ER | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. |  | 19 |
| 5312418767 | Glycoproteins | Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins. | 20 | |
| 5312418768 | Golgi Apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |  | 21 |
| 5312420346 | Lysosome | A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones. | 22 | |
| 5312420347 | Phagocytosis | The non-specific uptake of solid material by a cell accomplished by englufing the particle with plasma membrane and drawing it into the cell. |  | 23 |
| 5312422453 | Vacuoles | Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates | 24 | |
| 5312423995 | Mitochondria | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP | 25 | |
| 5312423996 | Chloroplast | Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy | 26 | |
| 5312423997 | Endosymbiont Theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. |  | 27 |
| 5312426103 | Cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. | 28 | |
| 5312426104 | Mitochondrial Matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. |  | 29 |
| 5312427591 | Thylakoids | A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy. | 30 | |
| 5312427592 | Granum | A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast |  | 31 |
| 5312427593 | Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |  | 32 |
| 5312427594 | Plastids | A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food. | 33 | |
| 5312429199 | Peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. | 34 | |
| 5312429200 | Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement | 35 | |
| 5312431369 | Motor Proteins | A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. |  | 36 |
| 5312431370 | Microtubules | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |  | 37 |
| 5312432212 | Centerosome | Condensed genetic material (chromatin) that is present during mitosis | 38 | |
| 5312432213 | Centrioles | A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division. |  | 39 |
| 5312433065 | Flagella | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. |  | 40 |
| 5312433066 | CIlia | The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |  | 41 |
| 5312435022 | Primary Cilium | Cilium that acts as a signal-receiving "antenna" for the cell | 42 | |
| 5312435023 | Basal Body | The structure just beneath the cell surface to which microtubules are anchored | 43 | |
| 5312436416 | Dyneins | motor proteins responsible for bending movements of cilium and flagellum, composed of several polypeptides |  | 44 |
| 5312437697 | Microfilaments | Made of the protein actin and help support the shape of the cell. They enable animal cells to form a cleavage furrow during cell division or the amoeba to move by sending out pseudopods. | 45 | |
| 5312437698 | Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |  | 46 |
| 5312437699 | Myosin | A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber |  | 47 |
| 5312439412 | Pseudopodia | A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food |  | 48 |
| 5312441051 | Intermediate Filaments | Cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter in between that of the microtubule and the microfilament. Intermediate filaments are composed of many different proteins and tend to play structural roles in cells. |  | 49 |
| 5312441052 | Cell Wall | a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose. |  | 50 |
| 5312442337 | Fibronectin | A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix. | 51 | |
| 5312442338 | Integrins | proteins in plasma membrane that connect both to extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton of animal cells. |  | 52 |
| 5312444594 | Plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |  | 53 |
| 5312445497 | Gap Junctions | Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions. |  | 54 |
| 5312445498 | Desmosomes | Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments |  | 55 |
| 5312447683 | TIght Junctions | Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid |  | 56 |
