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| 6142799203 | Egeria | A Christian pilgrim from Spain who visited Jerusalem, Egypt, and parts of modern Turkey between 381 and 384. The dates of her birth and death are unknown. | 0 | |
| 6142799204 | Polybius | (ca. 200-ca. 118 B.C.E.) A Greek historian who was deported to Rome, where he wrote The Rise of the Roman Empire. Believed the task of the historian was to distinguish underlying causes of events. | 1 | |
| 6142802555 | Roman republic | Roman government between 509 and 27 B.C.E. Ruled by two elected executives who consulted regularly with the senate. | 2 | |
| 6142802556 | Roman senate | Roman governing body during the Roman republic, composed of some three hundred patricians. Later became an advisory body. | 3 | |
| 6142804800 | Carthage | A city in modern-day Tunisia originally founded by the Phoenicians. Rome's main rival for control of the Mediterranean. | 4 | |
| 6142804801 | Punic Wars | Three wars the Rome and Carthage fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., all won by Rome. | 5 | |
| 6142807281 | Hannibal | (ca. 247-ca. 182 B.C.E.) A brilliant military strategist who led Carthage's armies over the Alps into Italy during the Second Punic War but lost to Rome in 202 B.C.E. | 6 | |
| 6142810188 | paterfamilias | The legal head of the extended family in Rome who made all decisions and was the only person who could own property. | 7 | |
| 6142810189 | Cornelia | (ca. 190-100 B.C.E.) The mother of the Gracchus brothers, two reformers who sought to help Rome's poor; Cornelia exercised considerable political influence even though she, like all Roman women, did not hold public office. | 8 | |
| 6142812399 | dictator | A position given by Roman senate before the first century B.C.E. to a temporary commander that granted him full authority for a limited amount of time, usually six months. | 9 | |
| 6142812400 | Julius Caesar | (100-44 B.C.E.) Rome's most successful military commander in the first century B.C.E. who was named dictator by the senate in 49 B.C.E. | 10 | |
| 6142814742 | Roman participate | The system of government in Rome from 27 B.C.E. to 284 C.E., in which the princeps, a term meaning "first citizen," ruled the empire as a monarch in all but name. | 11 | |
| 6142817303 | Augustus | The name, meaning "revered," that Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) received from the senate when he became princeps, or first citizens, of Rome in 27 B.C.E. | 12 | |
| 6142817304 | Pliny the Younger | (ca. 61-113) Roman lawyer and official famous for his letters describing life during the principate, especially the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. | 13 | |
| 6142819179 | Jesus | (ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 C.E.) Jewish preacher believed by Christians to be the Messiah, the figure who would bring salvation and, through atonement, eternal life to those who believed in him. | 14 | |
| 6142819180 | Paul | (ca. 5-ca. 64) An influential early Christian leader who traveled widely in modern-day Turkey, Cyprus, and Greece to teach about early Christianity. | 15 | |
| 6142822287 | Constantine | (272-337, r. 312-337) Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Milan, the first imperial ruling to allow the practice of Christianity and who shifted the capital from Rome to the new city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey). | 16 | |
| 6142822288 | parchment | Writing material made by stretching, scraping, and cleaning animal skin. | 17 | |
| 6142822289 | Aksum | A center of Christianity in Ethiopia, one of the first places in the world outside of the Roman empire to convert Christianity in the early 300s. | 18 | |
| 6142826865 | Augustine | (354-430) Author of The Confessions and a prominent early Christian thinker who encouraged Christians to confess their sins. | 19 | |
| 6142826866 | Vandals | Leaders of a Germanic-speaking force that attacked North Africa in 430 and sacked Rome for two weeks in 455. | 20 |
