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| 4791808295 | Water structure | 2 hydrogens covalently bonded to 1 oxygen |  | 0 |
| 4791820794 | Polarity | opposite ends with different charges E.X. water, sugar, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids | 1 | |
| 4791826330 | Hydrogen Bonds | weak bonds short lived important for water physical properties | 2 | |
| 4791829942 | Cohesion | water is liquid in moderate temperatures caused by H-bonds causes surface tension b/c water is stuck together and all H bonds face down | 3 | |
| 4791836993 | Adhesion | water is attracted to other polar molecules or substances which form H bonds water can move through polar tubes (glass living vessels) even against gravity called capilary | 4 | |
| 4791847766 | High specific Heat | amount of heat required to change 1 g of substance 1 degree C More Polar=more H bonds=Higher specific heat water heats and cools slowly good for organisms maintaining body heat | 5 | |
| 4791856562 | Ice lower density | ice is less dense than liquid water H bonds space water molecules apart | 6 | |
| 4791865376 | Water as a solvent | water surrounds substances with full ion or partial polar charge causing a hydration shell to form preventing molecules from rejoining | 7 | |
| 4791871274 | Hydrophobic | non polar molecules wont form H bonds fears water | 8 | |
| 4791874125 | Hydrophilic | Water loving polar molecules form H bonds water forms maximum H bonds possible | 9 | |
| 4791888809 | Electrons H O N C | H 1V 1E O 6V 8E N 5V 7E C 4V 6E | 10 | |
| 4791897572 | Hydrocarbons | Made from hydrogen and carbon nonpolar hydrophobic lots of energy stored | 11 | |
| 4791902319 | Hydroxyl | -OH or HO- alcohol, sugar, amino acids ends in -ol Polar hydrophilic makes organic compounds soluble |  | 12 |
| 4791908674 | Carbonyl | -C=O aldehydes and ketones polar hydrophilic |  | 13 |
| 4791913569 | Carboxyl | -COOH Amino acids and fatty acids carboxylic acids or organic acids E.X. formic acid or acetic acid acidic because of H+ Bond between O and H is polar dissociates easily hydrophilic |  | 14 |
| 4791931952 | Amino Group | -NH2 called amines acts as a base can pick up proton H+ H+=proton Found in amino acids polar hydrophilic E.X. Glycerine has a carboxyl group amino acids have carboxyl and amino groups |  | 15 |
| 4791946033 | Sulfhydryl group | -SH sulfur has 6 valence electrons forms 2 covalent bonds called thiols help to stabilize structure of protein found in amino acids polar hydrophilic | 16 | |
| 4791952415 | Phosphate group | -OPO3^2- formed from dissociation of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) function in transfering energy between organic molecules found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) polar hydrophilic |  | 17 |
| 4791977396 | Methyl group | -CH3 Fats and lipids NONPOLAR HYDROPHOBIC |  | 18 |
| 4791982127 | Macromolecules | Mostly polymers (except lipids) Long molecule Many similar or identical building blocks linked covalently Monomers 1 building blocks 2 small molecules 3 repeating units all macromolecules are formed and broken the same way | 19 | |
| 4791992726 | Dehydration synthesis | two molecules covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule cell requires energy (ATP) enzymes needed for reaction to occur |  | 20 |
| 4792001319 | Hydrolysis | Lysis=break polymers disassembled opposite of dehydration synthesis enzymes required for reaction E.X. digestion |  | 21 |
| 4792011597 | Lipids Characteristics | fats, oils and waxes no polymers hydrophobic some polar bonds mostly hydrocarbons (nonpolar) so soluble in organic solvents (gasoline) smaller than true macromolecules | 22 | |
| 4792022578 | Fatty Acids | Long carbon skeleton non polar hydrophobic at one end, carboxyl group store energy cushions vital organs insulates | 23 | |
| 4792041414 | saturated fatty acids | no double bonds between carbons saturated with hydrogen solid at room temperature all animal fats lard and butter |  | 24 |
| 4792050640 | unsaturated fatty acids | One or more double bonds double bonds fromed by removing a hydrogen liquid at room temperature kink in H - C chain where double bond is kinks prevent close packing making it not a solid polyunsaturated= more than one double bond |  | 25 |
| 4792064262 | Hydrogenated vegetable oils | unsaturated converted to saturated by adding H H prevents lipids form seperating out in a liquid Ex peanut butter or margarine | 26 | |
| 4792070877 | Glycerol | Backbone of fat molecule an alcohol with 3 carbons each carbon has a hydroxyl group OH= alcohol |  | 27 |
| 4792081760 | Fats/ triglycerides | Large molecules formed through dehydration synthesis made of 1 gylcerol and 3 fatty acids formed through ESTER linkage (bond between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups) |  | 28 |
| 4792097008 | Phospholipids | similar to fats but two fatty acid tails one fatty acid replaced with a phosphate group other small molecules polar can be added to form other phospholipids tails are hydrophobic heads out in water tails in when in water |  | 29 |
| 4792106677 | Steroids | C skeleton with 4 fused rings different function groups attached ex cholesterol | 30 | |
| 4792109820 | Monosaccharides | single or simple sugars mono=1 CH2O formula most names end in -ose most sugars form rings in aqueous solutions major fuel for cellular network carbon skeletons are raw material for synthesis of other organic molecules if not used immediately incorporated into di or poly saccharides aldose or ketose is determined by location of carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups |  | 31 |
| 4792136803 | Aldose | C=O on end OH in middle Ex glucose |  | 32 |
| 4792142581 | ketose | C=O which is in middle OH on end Ex fructose |  | 33 |
| 4792147483 | Disaccharides | Polymer of monosaccharides formed by dehydration dynthesis glucose Glucose= maltose Glucose+ fructose= sucrose glucose+ galactose= lactose |  | 34 |
| 4792287308 | Polysaccharides | Macromolecule 100s to 1000s of monomers function determined by types of monomers and cation of glycosidic linkage |  | 35 |
| 4792298232 | Storage polysaccharides | all glucose all sugars in same direction helical amylose (starch) simplest unbranched plants(10-30%) amylopectin (starch) more complex branched plants(70-90%) glycogen stored in liver and muscle cells depleted in a day if not replenished animals |  | 36 |
| 4792321324 | structural polusaccharides | Cellulose most abundant organic compound on earth major component of tough walls that enclose plants made of glucose differs from starch in location of glycosidic links every other sugar molecule is upsidedown molecule is straight never branched insoluble fiber few can digest (cows, termites, and some fungi) Chitin used to build exoskeletons in arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans) also in cell wals of fungi |  | 37 |
| 4792345156 | Chitin photo |  | 38 |
