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| 8447214041 | Dehydration | connecting monomers together by the removal of water |  | 0 |
| 8447214042 | Hydrolysis | disassembling polymers by the addition of water |  | 1 |
| 8447214043 | Disaccharides | glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose |  | 2 |
| 8447214044 | Polysaccharides | Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure) Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure) |  | 3 |
| 8447214045 | *Lipids | hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains | 4 | |
| 8447214046 | Fats | consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink) |  | 5 |
| 8447214047 | Phospholipids | consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic |  | 6 |
| 8447214048 | Protein structure and organization | composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular) |  | 7 |
| 8447214049 | Protein functions (8) | 1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins | 8 | |
| 8447214050 | *Nucleic Acids | DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins | 9 | |
| 8447214051 | Nuclear Envelope | double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER |  | 10 |
| 8447214052 | Chromatin | uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division | 11 | |
| 8447214053 | Nucleolus | nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these |  | 12 |
| 8447214054 | Rough ER | covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes |  | 13 |
| 8447214055 | Smooth ER | metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons) | 14 | |
| 8447214056 | Golgi | stores, transports, and secretes cell products |  | 15 |
| 8447214057 | Cytoskeleton | supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products | 16 | |
| 8447214058 | Centrosomes (2 centrioles) | only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division |  | 17 |
| 8447214059 | Lysosomes | only in animal cells, digestive organelles |  | 18 |
| 8447214060 | Flagella | only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility |  | 19 |
| 8447214061 | Extracellular Matrix | only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell |  | 20 |
| 8447214062 | Central Vacuole | only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells) | 21 | |
| 8447214063 | Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic | nucleoid / nucleus; only ribosomes / complex membrane-bound organelles; both have same genetic coding, sugars, and amino acids | 22 | |
| 8447214064 | Phospholipid Bilayer | tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied | 23 | |
| 8447214065 | Passive trasport | movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion 2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins) | 24 | |
| 8447214066 | Active transport | movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) | 25 | |
| 8447214067 | Membrane Potential | voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in neurons) |  | 26 |
| 8447214068 | Electrochemical Gradient | diffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane potential and concentration gradient | 27 | |
| 8447214069 | Hypertonic | solution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed |  | 28 |
| 8447214070 | Hypotonic | solution with lower concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would lyse/become turgid |  | 29 |
| 8447214071 | Isotonic | equal levels of solute concentration, plant cell in this solution would become flaccid |  | 30 |
| 8447214072 | When ΔG is negative... | ...the reaction is exergonic (loss of free energy). | 31 | |
| 8447214073 | When ΔG is positive... | ...the reaction is endergonic (gain of free energy). | 32 | |
| 8447214074 | *Enzymes | proteins that are biological catalysts, lower the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction (reactants at unstable transition state) can be used over and over | 33 | |
| 8447214075 | Substrate | the substance that an enzyme acts upon | 34 | |
| 8447214076 | Active Site | region of enzyme that binds to the substrate | 35 | |
| 8447214077 | Induced fit | change in the shape of an enzyme's active site induced by the substrate, helps to break down the substrate | 36 | |
| 8447214078 | The higher the substrate concentration... | ...the faster the reaction until the enzyme becomes saturated. |  | 37 |
| 8447214079 | Denaturation | the unraveling of an enzyme due to high temperatures or incompatible pH | 38 | |
| 8447214080 | Cofactors | nonprotein molecules that are required for proper enzyme function, cofactors made of organic molecules are called coenzymes |  | 39 |
| 8447214081 | Enzyme inhibition may be irreversible if... | ...the inhibitor attaches by covalent bonds (poisons, toxins) | 40 | |
| 8447214082 | Competitive Inhibitors | resemble a substrate and block enzymes' active sites, can be overcome with higher concentration of substrate |  | 41 |
| 8447214083 | Noncompetitive Inhibitors | bind to a portion of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site so that it cannot match with substrates, used for regulating metabolic reactions |  | 42 |
| 8447214084 | Feedback Inhibition | the product of a metabolic pathway switches off the enzyme that created it earlier in the process |  | 43 |
| 8447214085 | Oxidation | loss of electrons (OIL) | 44 | |
| 8447214086 | Reduction | gain of electrons (RIG) | 45 | |
| 8447214087 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions that transfer electrons to oxygen | 46 | |
| 8447214088 | Electron Acceptors | Cellular respiration: NAD+ and FAD (to NADH and FADH2) Photosynthesis: NADP+ (to NADPH) | 47 | |
| 8447214089 | Glycolysis | Input: glucose, 2 ATP Output: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH |  | 48 |
| 8447214090 | Conversion Reaction before Kreb's | Input: 2 pyruvate Output: 2 acetyl (w/ CoA), 2 NADH, 2 CO2 |  | 49 |
| 8447214091 | Krebs Cycle | Input: 2 acetyl ➝ citric acid Output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 (after 2 turns of the cycle) |  | 50 |
| 8447214092 | Electron Transport Chain | Input: NADH, FADH2, O2 (to accept e-) Output: 34-38 ATP, H2O |  | 51 |
| 8447214093 | Alcohol Fermentation | Input: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 4 ATP (net 2) |  | 52 |
| 8447214094 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Input: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 lactate, 4 ATP (net 2) |  | 53 |
| 8447214095 | Photosynthetic Equation |  | 54 | |
| 8447214096 | Chloroplast structure | Exciting chlorophyll: chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, which excites electrons to produce potential energy |  | 55 |
| 8447214097 | Light Reactions | Input: H2O (2 e-), light energy, NADP+ Output: O2, ATP, NADPH |  | 56 |
| 8447214098 | Calvin Cycle | Input: 6 CO2 (fixed to RuBP by Rubisco), ATP, NADPH Output: 2 G3P = 1 glucose |  | 57 |
| 8447214108 | Prokaryotic cell division | binary fission: splits in 2, exact copies, quick and efficient with few mutations, but reduces amount of genetic variation | 58 | |
| 8447214109 | Somatic cell vs. Gamete | any body cell except gametes / reproductive cells (sperm, egg) | 59 | |
| 8447214110 | Interphase | (90% of cell's life) G1: 1st growth, normal metabolic activity (goes into G0 phase if it is not ready for next phase); S: synthesis, DNA replication; G2: 2nd growth, prepares for mitosis | 60 | |
| 8447214111 | Mitosis | 1) Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleus disappears 2) Metaphase: chromosomes line up at equator, kinetechore microtubules attach 3) Anaphase: sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell 4) Telophase and Cytokinesis: daughter cells separate, nucleus reforms, chromosomes decondense |  | 61 |
| 8447214112 | Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks) | a regulatory protein that depends upon the presence of cyclin to complete its function, MPF is a Cdk that triggers a cell's passage into the M phase |  | 62 |
