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| 7704839862 | Stateless societies | Organized around kinship, etc; lacked political power and authority (Had govts but by family or the community [no taxes]; disputes resolved more easily [ppl could leave and make new villages]; difficult to: resist external pressures, mobilize for war, organize large building projects, organize long distance trade) | 0 | |
| 7704839863 | Bantu Migrations | Brought linguistic base across Africa, similar structure and vocabulary allowed mutual understanding | 1 | |
| 7704839864 | Religion of Africa before Islam | Animism (belief in natural forces personified as spirits or gods; believed in witchcraft bringing evil, disasters, illnesses; believed in creator deity) | 2 | |
| 7705175569 | Ifriqiya | The Arabic term for eastern North Africa; Roman name for present-day Tunisia. | 3 | |
| 7705175570 | Maghrib | The Arabic term for western North Africa | 4 | |
| 7705175571 | Charles Martel at Poitiers | Stops Muslim invasion in France (Battle of Tours) in 732 C.E. | 5 | |
| 7705175572 | Almoravids | Set out on a jihad to spread Muslim beliefs south in Africa and West towards Spain | 6 | |
| 7705175573 | Nubia and Ethiopia | The Christian Kingdoms of Africa | 7 | |
| 7705175574 | Almohadis | In 1130, followed same pattern of Almoravids to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa | 8 | |
| 7705175575 | sahel | Extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara | 9 | |
| 7705175576 | Sudanic States | Had a patriarch or council of elders; same linguistic or ethnic background, but power extended over subordinate areas; had control over sovereignty | 10 | |
| 7705175577 | Ghana | Rose to power by taxing salt and gold exchange; at height of power and converted to Islam 10th century; Almoravid forces invaded this in 1076 and sent it to a decline | 11 | |
| 7705175578 | Mali | Rulers supported Islam and in exchange the sermons were supporting the king; economy mostly in agriculture (trade, juula); Mansa Musa has pilgrimage and brought attention of Islam world to this | 12 | |
| 7705175579 | Juula | Malinke merchants who traded throughout west Africa | 13 | |
| 7705175580 | Sundiata | "Lion Prince"; Mali's first great leader who began the Malinke expansion | 14 | |
| 7705175581 | Griots | Professional west African oral historians | 15 | |
| 7705175582 | Ibn Batuta | Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records | 16 | |
| 7705175583 | Mansa Musa | Mali's most famous ruler who made a pilgrimage in 1324 and brought attention of Muslim world to Mali. | 17 | |
| 7705175584 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 18 | |
| 7705175585 | Songhay | a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591; In 1010, Gao was the established capital and rulers became Muslim, even though the majority population was pagan; gained independence in 1370s | 19 | |
| 7705175586 | Sunni Ali (1464-1492) | First great, dynamic, ruthless ruler of Songhay, who established the empire | 20 | |
| 7705175587 | Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century | 21 | |
| 7705175588 | Hausa | A West African people who lived in several city-states in what is now northern Nigeria that combined Muslim and pagan traditions after the demise of Songhay | 22 | |
| 7705175589 | Sharia | Islamic law | 23 | |
| 7717249092 | The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea | A Greek account of the Indian Ocean in the 1st century that mentioned some ports in east Africa; did not mention the ethnicity of the inhabitants | 24 | |
| 7717249093 | Swahili | Refers to the culture and the Bantu language (with Arabic loanwords) spoken in the coastal regions of East Africa. Literally means "coastal" | 25 | |
| 7717477173 | Kilwa | predominant city-state on the east African coast that was a major trading center; controlled southern port of Sofala (which had gold) | 26 | |
| 7717483396 | Zenj | Arabic term for the east African coast | 27 | |
| 7717491819 | Chinese | From 13th century to 1431, they traded porcelain in exchange for ivory, gold, and rare woods; direct trade discontinued after 1431 | 28 | |
| 7717525562 | Islamic and African culture | Swahili culture was a hybrid (mix) of | 29 | |
| 7717528338 | Portuguese | arrived around 1500 and raided Kilwa and Mombasa in attempt to control trade; never able to control trade on northern Swahili coast | 30 | |
| 7721533003 | Nok | a village located in the forests of central Nigeria where terra-cotta objects that reveal major artistic skill and tradition had been discovered | 31 | |
| 7721582894 | Yoruba | refers to a tribe of people in Nigeria and the language of that tribe; states were organized as an agricultural society supported by a peasantry and dominated by a ruling family and aristocracy. | 32 | |
| 7721740361 | Ile-Ife | Cultural center and holiest city of the Yoruba; Artists (there) produced lifelike and remarkably executed terra-cotta and bronze portrait heads of past rulers after 1200 C.E. | 33 | |
| 7721904143 | Oyo | (14th century) A Yoruba state; the council of state advised the king and limited his power; Ogboni reviewed decisions of the king and council. (checks and balances system) | 34 | |
| 7722064726 | Alafin | the Oyo word for "king" or "ruler" | 35 | |
| 7722088888 | Ogboni | secret society of religious and political leaders that reviewed decisions of the king and the council | 36 | |
| 7722113889 | Oba | Title for the king of Benin. | 37 | |
| 7722200303 | Benin | (14th century) large city-state of the Edo peoples that was artistically impressive; had magnificent artistic output with ivory and cast bronze | 38 | |
| 7722315048 | Ewuare the Great | Under this Benin king, Benin's control extended from the Niger River to the coast near modern Lagos | 39 | |
| 7722392968 | Iguegha | an artisan in bronze casting that was sent from Ile-Ife to Benin to introduce the artists of Benin the techniques of making bronze sculptures | 40 | |
| 7724428183 | Kongo | (formed 13th century; flourished by late 15th century) had agricultural base: people developed the skills of weaving, pottery, blacksmithing, carving; artisans were highly esteemed: skilled in the working of wood, copper, iron | 41 | |
| 7724467355 | seashells | currency in the Kongo Kingdom | 42 | |
| 7724613611 | Mbanza Kongo | capital of Kongo (had population of 60,000 - 100,000 by 16th century) | 43 | |
| 7724503091 | manikongo | term for king of the Kongo people | 44 | |
| 7724514810 | mani | means "blacksmith" to the Kongo people | 45 | |
| 7724632111 | zimbabwe | means stone house | 46 | |
| 7724655719 | Great Zimbabwe | (9th century) Largest stone house site that contained impressive architecture made with stone; had religious importance, associated with the bird of God; (in 15th - 16th century) dominated sources of gold --> commerce/trade | 47 | |
| 7724823971 | Mwene Mutapa | King of Great Zimbabwe that led the kingdom to a short period of expansion in the late 15th and 16th centuries | 48 | |
| 7717256940 | Provided residents of East African towns sets of ethics and beliefs that made maritime (sea) contact easier | Effect of Islam on East Africa | 49 |
