Terms : Hide Images
| 5893397075 | Local Signals | Cells communicating by direct contact |  | 0 |
| 5893397076 | Local Regulators | Messenger molecules that travel short distances |  | 1 |
| 5893397077 | Paracrine Signaling | Local regulator released directly onto one cell by another |  | 2 |
| 5893397078 | Synaptic Signaling | A nerve signal triggers the release of a local regulator onto a nearby cell |  | 3 |
| 5893397079 | Hormones | Chemical messengers that travel a long distance | 4 | |
| 5893397080 | Signal Transduction Pathway | Set of a step that triggers after a signal is received, it activates a certain response from a cell. |  | 5 |
| 5893397081 | Reception | Delivery of a signal to a cell | 6 | |
| 5893397082 | Ligands | Signal Molecules, hormones. |  | 7 |
| 5893397083 | G protein-coupled-receptor | Membrane receptor that activates a G protein when a ligand is present. |  | 8 |
| 5893397084 | G Protein | When activated, uses energy from GDP becoming GTP to turn on an enzyme. | | 9 |
| 5893397085 | Receptor Tyrosine Kinase | Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines |  | 10 |
| 5893397086 | Dimer | When a ligand is present the two kinases form this, then trigger multiple transduction pathways. |  | 11 |
| 5893397087 | Ligand-gated Ion Channel | Receptor opens like a gate when a ligand is present to allow ions in |  | 12 |
| 5893397090 | Protein Kinases | transfer phosphates from ATP to protein (phosphorylation) | 13 | |
| 5893397092 | Second Messengers | Small molecules that diffuse throughout the cell to carry the signal during transduction. |  | 14 |
| 5893397093 | Apoptosis | Controlled cellular death | 15 | |
| 5893397094 | First Line of Defense | Nonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia |  | 16 |
| 5893397095 | Second Line of Defense | Nonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens | 17 | |
| 5893397096 | Inflammatory Response | nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain |  | 18 |
| 5893397097 | Histamines | chemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area | 19 | |
| 5893397098 | Phagocytes | White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages | 20 | |
| 5893397099 | Chemokines | chemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area | 21 | |
| 5893397101 | Adaptive immunity | (specific immunity) aquired ability to recognize and destroy a pathogen or its products. Requires exposure of the immune system to the pathogen | 22 | |
| 5893397102 | Lymphocyte | White blood cell |  | 23 |
| 5893397103 | B Cells | Humoral response by producing antibodies; activated by Helper T cells or free antigens |  | 24 |
| 5893397104 | T Cells | Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body. |  | 25 |
| 5893397105 | Helper T Cell | Set off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC |  | 26 |
| 5893397106 | Cytotoxic T Cell | Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells |  | 27 |
| 5893397107 | Macrophages | Can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader |  | 28 |
| 5893397110 | Memory Cells | Responsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection |  | 29 |
| 5893397111 | Antibody | Y-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction |  | 30 |
| 5893397112 | Antigen | Identifying marker on the outside of a pathogen |  | 31 |
| 5893397113 | Passive Immunity | Temporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child | 32 | |
| 5893397115 | Autoimmune disease | A mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself and attacks its own body cells | 33 | |
| 5893397117 | Endocrine System | Releases hormones, chemicals released by *ductless glands* into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body | 34 | |
| 5893397118 | Tropic hormones | Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones | 35 | |
| 5893397119 | Pheromones | Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals | 36 | |
| 5893397132 | Positive Feedback | A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state. |  | 37 |
| 5893397133 | Negative Feedback | Metabolic pathway that helps maintain homeostasis |  | 38 |
| 5893593317 | cAMP molecule | (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate) a second messenger important for intracellular signal transduction | 39 |
