This vocabulary set includes classes of organic molecules as well as examples of each
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| 5958295722 | Macromolecules | Molecules composed of thousands of atoms: the four main classes being carbohydrates, lipids, prteins, and nucleic acids | 0 | |
| 5958295723 | Polymer | Chainlike molecules, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds. | 1 | |
| 5958295724 | Monomer | The building blocks of polymers polymers: connected by covalent bonds. | 2 | |
| 5958295725 | Dehydration Synthesis | Removing water to create a bond. |  | 3 |
| 5958295726 | Hydrolysis | Adding water to break a bond |  | 4 |
| 5958295727 | Carbohydrates | A macromolecule made up of C, H and O, with a 2:1 ratio between the hydrogen and oxygen. | 5 | |
| 5958295728 | Monosaccharides | Simple sugars with 1 ring: Provides immediate energy, classified by the amount of carbons |  | 6 |
| 5958295729 | Disaccharides | Double sugars with 2 rings |  | 7 |
| 5958295730 | Polysaccharides | Polymers, with many rings, joined by glucosidic linkages. Acts as an energy storage macromolecule, building materials for cells or whole organisms | 8 | |
| 5958295731 | Maltose | A disaccharide formed by joining the two glucose molecules: found in malt sugar |  | 9 |
| 5958295732 | Sucrose | A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and fructose, major form of sugars in plants: found in table sugar |  | 10 |
| 5958295733 | Lactose | A disaccharide formed by joining glucose and galactose. People who lack the enzyme to digest this sugar are "intolerant" |  | 11 |
| 5958295734 | Glycosidic Linkages | "oxygen bridge" that bonds two monosaccharides |  | 12 |
| 5958295735 | Starch | storage polymer of glucose in PLANTS, uses alpha linkages |  | 13 |
| 5958295736 | Cellulose | Made up cell walls of plants, using beta linkages |  | 14 |
| 5958295737 | Glycogen | Branched polysaccharide of glucose, used for storage in animals |  | 15 |
| 5958295738 | Chitin | Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains nitrogen-containing appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell walls of many fungi. | 16 | |
| 5958295739 | Lipids | nonpolar class of molecules. Have C, H and O, but not in a 2:1 ratio. | 17 | |
| 5958295740 | Triacylglycerols | (Fats): Store large amounts of energy, made up of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> 1 fat + 3 water molecules. Functions as energy storage, to cushion vital organs, and insulation. | 18 | |
| 5958295741 | Glycerol | 3-C alcohol that is building block of triglycerides |  | 19 |
| 5958295742 | Fatty Acid | Carboxyl group attached to long hydrocarbon chain. |  | 20 |
| 5958295743 | Ester Linkage | Joins 3 fatty acids to a glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol |  | 21 |
| 5958295744 | Saturated fatty acids | Fatty acids with single bonds, hydrogen at every possible position, a straight shape, from an animal source. Solid at room temperature. |  | 22 |
| 5958295745 | Unsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acids with double and single bonds, without hydrogens at every possible position, a kinked/bent shape, from a plant source. Liquid at room temperature. |  | 23 |
| 5958295746 | Phospholipid | 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate group in the 3rd position. Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds |  | 24 |
| 5958295747 | Steroid | A type of lipid: A carbon skeleton with 4 fused carbon rings, which are closely interlocked. ex., cholesterol |  | 25 |
| 5958295748 | Proteins | Polymer of one or more chains of amino acids with diverse | 26 | |
| 5958295749 | Antibodies | Bind to particular foreign substances that fit their binding sites |  | 27 |
| 5958295750 | Neurotransmitters | Pass signals from one cell to another by binding to receptror sites on proteins in the membrane of the recieving cell | 28 | |
| 5958295751 | Enzymes | Recognize and bind to specific substrates, facilitating a chemical reaction | 29 | |
| 5958295752 | Primary Structure | The unique sequence of amino acids, determined by DNA. Changing this affects a protein's conformation and ability to function. |  | 30 |
| 5958295753 | Secondary Structure | Results from hydrogen bonds at regular intervals doing the polypeptide backbone, typically developed as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet. |  | 31 |
| 5958295754 | Tertiary Structure | The protein has folded up upon itself, held together by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, Van der Waals reactions, or disulfide bridges |  | 32 |
| 5958295755 | Quarternary structure | Union of 2+ polypeptide subunits |  | 33 |
| 5958295756 | Enzymes | Speeds up the rate of reactions, but are not consumed by the reaction. Lowers the activation energy of a reaction, and makes it easier to perform these reactions. | 34 | |
| 5958295757 | Substrate | A reactant that binds to an enzyme | 35 | |
| 5958295758 | Active Site | A pocket/groove on the surface of a protein on the surface of the protein into which the substrate fits. The substrate is held to this area through weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds or Van der Waals. | 36 | |
| 5958295759 | Lock and Key Hypothesis | Substrates fit into enzymes like a key fits into a lock | 37 | |
| 5958295760 | Induced Fit Hypothesis | As the substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape leading to a tighter induced fit, bringing chemical groups into position to catalyze the reaction. | 38 | |
| 5958295761 | Cofactors | Non-protein factors, helping the enzyme fit substrates. ex: zinc, iron, copper | 39 | |
| 5958295762 | Competitive Inhibitors | Blocks the active site from having a substrate meet. Acts as a feedback mechanism | 40 | |
| 5958295763 | Noncompetitive inhibitors | Blocks the substrates at a place away from the active site. | 41 | |
| 5958295764 | Allosteric Enzymes | Enzymes that can change their shape: one shape is active (reaction occurs) and one is inactive (reaction doesn't occur) | 42 | |
| 5958295765 | Nucleic Acids | An organic compound made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. The three types are DNA, RNA and ATP | 43 | |
| 5958295766 | Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Many types of instructional nucleic acid, which is directed by DNA and contributes to protein production | 44 | |
| 5958295767 | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Provides the genetic coding for organisms and directs RNA synthesis: synthesized through dehydration synthesis, connecting the sugar of one nucleotide to another with a strong phosphodiester. | 45 | |
| 5958295768 | Nucleotide | The building blocks of nucleic acids | 46 | |
| 5958295769 | Pentose sugar | Deoxyribose and ribose; a building block of nucleic acids | 47 | |
| 5958295770 | Phosphate | Makes DNA and RNA charged; a building block of nucleic acids | 48 | |
| 5958295771 | Nitrogen base | Adenosine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil (RNA); building blocks of DNA. A+T are always together, and G+C are always together based on their properties. U is only found in RNA. | 49 | |
| 5958295772 | Purines | Adenosine, Guanine; have a double ring, where 1 6-membered ring joined to 1 5-membered ring | 50 | |
| 5958295773 | Pyrimidines | Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil; 1 6-membered ring | 51 | |
| 5958295774 | Phosphodiester Link | The bond between a sugar and a phosphate. | 52 | |
| 5958295775 | glucose | A sugar that is the major source of energy for the body's cells, monosaccharide example | 53 | |
| 5958295776 | fructose | Sugar that is naturally found in fruit and honey. It's also added to sweeten drinks, monosaccharide example | 54 | |
| 5958295777 | ribose | A five-carbon sugar present in RNA |  | 55 |
| 5958295778 | deoxyribose | A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides |  | 56 |
| 5958295779 | functional group | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions. | 57 | |
| 5958295780 | hydroxyl group | A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols. |  | 58 |
| 5958295781 | carbonyl | C=O carbon double bonded to an oxygen |  | 59 |
| 5958295782 | carboxyl | A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. |  | 60 |
| 5958295783 | amino | functional group containing Nitrogen and two hydrogens |  | 61 |
| 5958295784 | phosphate group | A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms |  | 62 |
| 5958295785 | sulfhydryl | A functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (—SH). |  | 63 |
