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| 4889457889 | Earths Layers |  | 0 | |
| 4889457890 | Core | the innermost zone of the planet made of nickel and iron. Solid interior & liquid outer core Outer layer of core is + 3,000 C heat from radioactive decay and friction | 1 | |
| 4889457891 | Mantle | above the core containing magma | 2 | |
| 4889457892 | Crust | the outermost layer of the planet. | 3 | |
| 4889457893 | Asthenosphere and Lithosphere | Asthenosphere- the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock. Lithosphere- the brittle outermost layer of the planet that is approximately 100 km thick. |  | 4 |
| 4889457894 | Convection | The Earth is very hot at the center. This heat causes plumes of hot magma to well upward from the mantle. |  | 5 |
| 4889457895 | Plate tectonics | the theory that states that Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion. Oceanic - plates under oceans Continental - plates under the land masses | 6 | |
| 4889457896 | Tectonic plates |  | 7 | |
| 4889457897 | Consequences of Plate Movement | Volcanoes- may occur within a few hundred miles of a subduction zone |  | 8 |
| 4889457898 | Other Consequences of Plate Movement | also as a plate moves over a hot spot, rising magma forms a volcano |  | 9 |
| 4889457899 | Hot Spots | places where molten material from the mantle reach the lithosphere. |  | 10 |
| 4889457900 | Types of Plate Contact | Divergent plate boundaries- when plates move apart from one another. Convergent plate boundaries- when plates move toward one another and collide. Transform fault boundaries- then plates move sideways past each other. |  | 11 |
| 4889457901 | Faults | a fracture in rock across which there is movement. |  | 12 |
| 4889457902 | Earthquakes | occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault. | 13 | |
| 4889457903 | Fault zone | large expanses of rock where movement has occurred. | 14 | |
| 4889457904 | Epicenter | the exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures. | 15 | |
| 4889457905 | Richter scale | a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. The scale increases by a factor of 10, so an earthquake of 7 is 10 times greater than an earthquake of 6. | 16 | |
| 4889457906 | The Rock Cycle | the constant formation and destruction of rock. |  | 17 |
| 4889457907 | The Rock Cycle Continued | Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Note processes of 1) melting 2) heat and pressure 3) weathering and erosion |  | 18 |
| 4889457908 | Igneous Rocks | rocks that form directly from magma. Intrusive igneous- form from within Earth as magma cools. Extrusive igneous- from when magma cools above Earth. (ex. A volcano that ejects magma) |  | 19 |
| 4889457909 | Sedimentary Rocks | form when sediment such as mud, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments. Location of fossils. |  | 20 |
| 4889457910 | Metamorphic Rocks | form when sedimentary, igneous or other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures. Meta = large morphic = change |  | 21 |
| 4889457911 | Weathering | when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade the rock. Physical & Chemical | 22 | |
| 4889457912 | Physical weathering | the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals. Processes are atmospheric (wind or water) or biological. | 23 | |
| 4889457913 | Chemical weathering | the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions Ex/: Acid Precipitation and Acidic Ocean water erodes limestone | 24 | |
| 4889457914 | Erosion | the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. Occurs after weathering. Wind, water, ice transport and living organisms can erode materials. | 25 | |
| 4889457915 | Deposition | the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments or soil. The end of erosion. | 26 | |
| 4889457916 | Soil is important because it... | Is a medium for plant growth Serves as a filter for water A habitat for living organisms Serves as a filter for pollutants |  | 27 |
| 4889457917 | Factors that determine the formation of soil: | Parent material- what the soil is made from influences soil formation Climate- what type of climate influences soil formation Topography- the surface and slope can influence soil formation Organisms- plants and animals can have an effect on soil formation Time- the amount of time a soil has spent developing can determine soil properties. |  | 28 |
| 4889457918 | Parent Material | the rock material from which soil is derived. |  | 29 |
| 4889457919 | Soil Horizons | As soils form, they develop characteristics layers |  | 30 |
| 4889457920 | Soil Horizons Continued | O horizon- (organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface. A horizon- (topsoil) the zone of organic material and minerals mixed together. B horizon- (subsoil) composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter C horizon- (parent material) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material. |  | 31 |
| 4889457921 | Texture | the percentage of sand, silt and clay the soil contains. |  | 32 |
| 4889457922 | Porosity | how quickly the soil drains (which depends on its texture) |  | 33 |
| 4889457923 | Chemical Properties of Soil | Cation exchange capacity- the ability of a soil to adsorb and release cations, positively charged mineral ions. Soil bases- calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium Soil Acids- aluminum and hydrogen Base saturation- the proportion of soil bases to soil acids | 34 | |
| 4889457924 | Biological Properties of Soil | Many organisms are found in the soil including fungi, bacteria, protozoans, rodents and earthworms. |  | 35 |
| 4889457925 | Physical Properties of Soil | Texture and Porosity | 36 | |
| 4889457926 | Elemental Composition of the Earth's Crust |  | 37 | |
| 4889457927 | Reserves- the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered. |  | 38 | |
| 4889457928 | types of mining | Surface mining- removing minerals that are close to Earth's surface. Strip mining- removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore. Open pit mining- the creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface. Mountain top removal- removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives. Placer mining- looking for metals and stones in river sediments | 39 | |
| 4889457929 | Subsurface mining | Subsurface mining- mining for resources that are 100 m below Earth's surface. |  | 40 |
| 4889457930 | Mining Law 1872 Regulation law | governs prospecting and mining on publicly owned land to encourage development; no protections | 41 | |
| 4889457931 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1977 | regulate surface coal mining; mandatory standards; adverse impacts on fish, wildlife, and environmental values be minimized | 42 |
