This AP biology exam review covers energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.
Terms : Hide Images
| 5006481132 | energy | the ability to cause change; ability to do work | 0 | |
| 5006481137 | first law of thermodynamics | energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another | 1 | |
| 5006481138 | second law of thermodynamics | any time energy is converted the entropy (disorder) of the universe increases | 2 | |
| 5006481140 | Gibbs free energy | energy in a system that is available to do work |  | 3 |
| 5006481141 | exergonic | Chemical reactions that release energy | 4 | |
| 5006481142 | endergonic | A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed. | 5 | |
| 5006481144 | ATP | molecule made in cellular respiration; functions as the cell's energy currency |  | 6 |
| 5006481145 | metabolic pathway | a series of enzymes-catalyzed reactions in which the product of one is the reactant of another |  | 7 |
| 5006481146 | catabolism | metabolic pathway that breaks down substances and releases energy | 8 | |
| 5006481147 | anabolism | metabolic pathway that builds substances and stores energy | 9 | |
| 5006481160 | autotrophs | organisms that make their own food, usually from the sun |  | 10 |
| 5006481161 | producers | autotrophs; make their own food |  | 11 |
| 5006481162 | photoautotrophs | autotrophs that make their own food from the sun |  | 12 |
| 5006481163 | heterotrophs | consume other organisms for energy |  | 13 |
| 5006481164 | consumers | heterotrophs; eat for food |  | 14 |
| 5006481167 | photosynthesis | chemical reaction used by autotrophs to make food from sun | 15 | |
| 5006481168 | cellular respiration | chemical reaction used by autotrophs and heterotrophs to get energy from food | 16 | |
| 5006481172 | chloroplasts | organelles which contain pigments (chlorophyll) and are the site of photosynthesis in plants |  | 17 |
| 5006481173 | stroma | fluid-filled area within the chloroplast; location of the Calvin cycle | 18 | |
| 5006481174 | thylakoids | vast network of interconnected membranous sacs in chloroplasts; location of the light reaction | 19 | |
| 5006481178 | ATP, NADPH, oxygen | products of the light reaction of photosynthesis | 20 | |
| 5006568458 | Calvin cycle | reactions of photosynthesis in which ATP and NADPH is used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide, producing carbohydrates such as glucose | 21 | |
| 5006809900 | light reaction | stage of photosynthesis that is dependent on light; ATP and NADPH are produced; in eukaryotes it takes place on the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. | 22 | |
| 5006820814 | photosystem | A cluster of pigments embedded into a thylakoid membrane. | 23 | |
| 5006481180 | chemiosmosis | Process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work, notably synthesis of ATP. | 24 | |
| 5006580537 | ATP, NADPH, carbon dioxide | reactants for the Calvin cycle | 25 | |
| 5006481189 | Cellular respiration | Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen | 26 | |
| 5006481190 | Fermentation | Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen |  | 27 |
| 5006481197 | NAD and FAD | electron carriers in cellular respiration | 28 | |
| 5006615043 | NADP | electron carrier in photosynthesis | 29 | |
| 5006481198 | Redox reaction | Oxidation (an atom loses electrons) and reduction (an atom gains electrons) reactions | 30 | |
| 5006481200 | Glycolysis | Catabolism of glucose or other monosaccharides to pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP | 31 | |
| 5006481205 | Krebs cycle | stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form citric acid. The citric acid is then decarboxylated twice and isomerized to recreate oxaloacetate. In the process, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2, and 1 molecule of GTP are formed | 32 | |
| 5006661808 | oxidative phosphorylation | The oxidation electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP, producing ATP. In eukaryotes, this process occurs in the mitochondira. | 33 | |
| 5006674734 | electron transport chain | enzyme complexes found along the inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; movement of electrons is associated with pumping H+ across the membrane | 34 | |
| 5006791343 | oxygen | final electron acceptor in cellular respiration | 35 |
