Terms : Hide Images
| 8075903298 | memory | active system that receives information from the sense, organizes and alters info then retrieves it from storage | 0 | |
| 8075914491 | Information processing model | assumes processing of info for memory storage is similar to the way a computer process's memory | 1 | |
| 8075921017 | 3 stages of info processing model | 1. encoding: convert info into a usable form in brain's storage systems 2. storage: holding info for a period of time 3. retrieval: getting info that is in storage in a form that can be used | 2 | |
| 8075938439 | Atkinson-Shiffrin Model Steps | 1. sensory memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory | 3 | |
| 8075954090 | sensory memory | brief, quick recording of sensory information | 4 | |
| 8075956198 | short-term memory | memory that holds a few items briefly before they are forgotten -working memory | 5 | |
| 8075963242 | working memory | conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spacial info and long-term memory | 6 | |
| 8075970090 | Long-term memory | relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory | 7 | |
| 8075976764 | Automatice processing | info enters long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding -Space: certain place where item is located -Time: sequence of day's event (tracing your steps) -Frequency: how many times something occurs -Well-learned info: words (requires initial effort, but becomes automatic) | 8 | |
| 8075996515 | Parallel Processing | processing of many thing simultaneously | 9 | |
| 8082177800 | effortful Processing | requires attention and conscious effort -rehearsal: conscious repetition -Herman Ebbinghaus -Overlearning | 10 | |
| 8082186363 | Herman Ebbinghaus | repetition and forgetting curve -as rehearsal increases with nonsense syllables, relearning decreases -forgetting curve: forgetting is very fast within the 1st hour of learning | 11 | |
| 8082202882 | Spacing Effect | we retain info when our rehearsal is distributed overtime rather than cramming +testing effect-retention checks | 12 | |
| 8082211711 | Serial Position Effect | tend to remember the first and last items on the list -Primacy Effect: remember info at the beginning -Recency Effect: remember info at the end of the body of information | 13 | |
| 8082224786 | visual encoding | encoding picture images (mental pictures) -imagery -Rosy Retrospection -Mnemonic devices | 14 | |
| 8082240998 | imagery | visual images -aided by semantic encoding | 15 | |
| 8082243916 | Rosy Retrospection | recalling high points, forgetting the worst | 16 | |
| 8082248601 | Mnemonic Devices | memory aids using visual images and organizational devices -e.x: name game | 17 | |
| 8082228048 | Acoustic encoding | encoding of sound, especially sounds of words (rhythm) | 18 | |
| 8082235070 | Semantic encoding | encoding of meaning -best way to encode | 19 | |
| 8082256332 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units | 20 | |
| 8082259457 | hierarchies | divide and subdivide into narrower concepts and facts -Nervous System Model | 21 | |
| 8082264208 | schemas | info tied to previously learned information | 22 | |
| 8082271467 | sensory memory | info enters nervous system -fleeting memory: short period of time | 23 | |
| 8082276194 | iconic memory | visual sensory memory; lasts less than a second -capacity: everything that can be seen at one time -duration: info just entered iconic memory; pushed out very quickly -Eidetic imagery: photographic memory; visual memory for 30 seconds or more | 24 | |
| 8082297436 | Echoic imagery | brief memory of something a person has just heard -Capacity: heard at any one moment; smaller than iconic memory -Duration: last longer; about 2 to 4 seconds | 25 | |
| 8082313849 | short-term memory | held for brief periods of time while being used (30 seconds or less), limited capacity | 26 | |
| 8082319908 | selective attention | focus on only one stimulus form among all sensory input -conclusion: capacity of STM is about seven items or pieces of info (magical number: 7 + or - 2 | 27 | |
| 8082335486 | long-term memory | info is placed to be kept more or less permanently | 28 | |
| 8082339801 | Elaborative Rehearsal | transferring info from STM to LTM by making info meaningful | 29 | |
| 8082345983 | long-term potential | increase in a synapse's firing after brief, rapid stimulation -increased release of serotonin at synaptic gaps | 30 | |
| 8082354077 | Stress hormones | trigger brain to think something important has happened -Amygdala produces more proteins for memory | 31 | |
| 8082361738 | Engram | physical change that takes place int he brain when a memory is formed | 32 | |
| 8082366727 | Types of Long Term Memory | 1. Implicit/Procedural/non declarative memory 2. Declarative memory/explicit | 33 | |
| 8082376069 | Implicit/ procedural/ non declarative memory | memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses -skills people know to do: simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in conscious awareness | 34 | |
| 8082389686 | Declarative Memory/ explicit | information that is conscious and known (memory for facts) -semantic memory: general knowledge, info learned -Episodic memory: personal info and events -flashbulb memory: detailed events of emotionally charged events-death, wedding | 35 | |
| 8082473123 | prospective memory | remembering to perform intended actions in the future -e.x: taking medication -half of everyday forgetting is due to prospective memory failures | 36 | |
| 8082480794 | retrospective memory | memory for people, events or object encountered or experienced in the past | 37 | |
| 8082487106 | Recall | info to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory -retrieval failure: recall has failed (tip of the tongue) | 38 | |
| 8108962739 | Recognition | match a piece of info or a stimulus to a stored image or fact -e.x: multiple-choice tests | 39 | |
| 8108968639 | Relearning | learning material for the second time | 40 | |
| 8108974427 | retrieval cue | a stimulus for remembering -"Anchor Point" | 41 | |
| 8108978437 | Priming | unconscious activation of association in memory | 42 | |
| 8108981954 | Encoding Specificity | easier to retrieve info while in the same environment to which we encoded it -State dependent memory, Mood Congruent Memory, Context Dependent Memory | 43 | |
| 8108989702 | State Dependent Memory | physiological or psychological state -e.x: tired | 44 | |
| 8108993431 | Mood Congruent Memory | recalling memories consistent with current mood | 45 | |
| 8108996268 | Context Dependent Memory | recalling memories consistent with the ame context -location | 46 | |
| 8108999847 | Deja Vu | "I've experienced this before" -cues from current situation unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience | 47 | |
| 8109006195 | Encoding failure | failure to process info into memory -storage decay, disuse | 48 | |
| 8109013242 | storage decay | loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used | 49 | |
| 8109016624 | Disuse | another name for decay; memories not used will eventually decay and disappear | 50 | |
| 8109023250 | Proactive interference | older info prevents or interferes with retrieval of new info -forward acting | 51 | |
| 8109027702 | Retroactive Interference | newer info prevent or interferes with retrieval of old info -backward acting | 52 | |
| 8109033371 | Stroop Effect | automatic processing versus conscious-visual control -The "conflict" between 2 brain process are word-recognition and color recognition |  | 53 |
| 8109044461 | misinformation effect | misleading info after an event to alter the memories of the event itself | 54 | |
| 8109048813 | Constructive Memory | retrieval of memories altered, revised, or influenced by newer information | 55 | |
| 8109053907 | source amnesia | we retain the memory of the event, but not of the context in which we acquired it | 56 | |
| 8109058001 | Motivated forgetting | people unknowingly revise their memoires | 57 | |
| 8109061574 | repression | -Sigmund Frued's psychoanalysis theory -defense mechanism where we unconsciously get rid of memories -unconscious mind protects us from bad memories of our childhood | 58 | |
| 8109074133 | Elizabeth Lotus Study (eyewitness testimony) | after the fact our accuracy of events may change -ins't always reliable or accurate -can be used in court, but Loftus states mistakes are made | 59 | |
| 8109083298 | false positive | error of recognition where people think the recognize a stimulus not actually in memory | 60 | |
| 8109086541 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, memory lost from the past | 61 | |
| 8109094656 | anterograde amnesia | loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, inability to form new, long-term memories -Senile dementia | 62 | |
| 8109100638 | Infantile amnesia | inability to retrieve info from before the age of 3 | 63 | |
| 8109106153 | Thinking/Cognition | mental activity when a person organizes, understands and communicates information | 64 | |
| 8109110571 | Mental images | mental representation that stand for objects or events -picture-like quality | 65 | |
| 8109114234 | concepts | ideas we group together to help us understand -Superordinate concept: general for or type of concept -Basic level type: other similar concepts are organized -Subordinate concept: most specific category of a concept | 66 | |
| 8109129413 | Formal concepts | defined by specific rules or features | 67 | |
| 8109131599 | natural concepts | form as a result of their experiences in the real world -beauty, serenity | 68 | |
| 8109135261 | prototypes | best example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept -How we group things together | 69 | |
| 8109142158 | convergent thinking | there is a right answer -multiple choice |  | 70 |
| 8109148112 | divergent thinking | think "creatively" with as many possible answers you can come up with -incubation. metacognition | 71 | |
| 8109155240 | incubation | walk away from the problem and let your mind work on it | 72 | |
| 8109157374 | metacognition | think about one's own problem solving strategy | 73 | |
| 8109159757 | problem-solving | goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways | 74 | |
| 8109163785 | trial-and-error | mechanical solution -one possible solution after another | 75 | |
| 8109166707 | Insight | sudden perception of a solution to the problem | 76 | |
| 8109168236 | Algorithms | very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems | 77 | |
| 8109178081 | Heuristic | educated guess based on prior experiences that help narrow down possible solutions -rule of thumb | 78 | |
| 8113030170 | means-end analysis | heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and end goal is determined, then that difference is reduced | 79 | |
| 8113047076 | Intuition | allows us to act quickly, unreasonably, based on "gut" feelings-hard to quantify | 80 | |
| 8113065005 | Availability Heuristic (error of heuristic) | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory -Statistical Reality vs. Dramatic events: fear of crossing the road vs. fear of swimming in the ocean | 81 | |
| 8113120042 | Representative heuristic | how well it matched some picture or expectation we already have -we assume based on appearance | 82 | |
| 8113128298 | Anchoring heuristic (bias) | caused by basing or anchoring an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity | 83 | |
| 8113147494 | Functional-fixedness | thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions | 84 | |
| 8113153334 | mental set | people persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past | 85 | |
| 8113159435 | confirmation bias | tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs ignoring evidence that doesn't fit their beliefs | 86 | |
| 8113163850 | Implicit assumptions | assume there are rules limiting what we can do | 87 | |
| 8113175918 | Overconfidence | tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgement -e.x: how long it takes to study psych | 88 | |
| 8113186758 | Belief perseverance | hold on to beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence | 89 | |
| 8113191976 | Hindsight bias | after learning about an event to behave as if one could have predicted the event in advantage | 90 | |
| 8113202601 | The Dunning-Kruger Effect | people that ar bad at something tend to believe they are good when they aren't in reality | 91 | |
| 8113209241 | Framing | the way an issue is stated can effect it's impact on the audience | 92 | |
| 8113214860 | language | system of symbols (spoken, written, or signed), so unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for communication | 93 | |
| 8113243736 | Phonemes | the basic unit of sound in language -44 diff. | 94 | |
| 8113247263 | morphemes | the smallest unit of meaning within a language -"s"; "ed" -prefixes and suffixes | 95 | |
| 8113254906 | grammar | rules governing the structure and use of a language | 96 | |
| 8113258284 | syntax | combining words and phrases that are grammatically correct | 97 | |
| 8113265350 | semantics | rules for determining the memory of words and sentences | 98 | |
| 8113266737 | babbling stage | speech sounds, start to use phonemes of surrounding language | 99 | |
| 8113276859 | Holophrastic stage/ 1 word stage | 1st birthday -productive language begins (semantics) and comprehension | 100 | |
| 8113282995 | telegraphic stage/ 2 word stage | 2nd birthday -grammatically correct two word sayings, follow rules of syntax | 101 | |
| 8113297330 | overgeneralization/ overregulation | over or incorrect use of grammar rules | 102 | |
| 8113301786 | descriptive grammar | don't follow grammar rules, but the meaning is there -everyday language | 103 | |
| 8113312864 | prescriptive grammar | follows proper grammar rules | 104 | |
| 8113317075 | Skinner | operant learning (behaviorist perspective) -learning principles to develop language -associations, imitations, reinforcement | 105 | |
| 8113335623 | Language Acquisition Device (LAD) | -all rewired to learn language -Noam Chomsky-universal grammatical rule | 106 | |
| 8113346223 | Interactional Model | combination of Skinner and Chomsky theories | 107 | |
| 8113358424 | Critical periods for language | -if they haven't learned by 7 they lose the ability master language -learning a language as an adult will result in an accent -Genie and Victor (wild child of Aveyron) | 108 | |
| 8113398834 | Aphasia | damage to brocas or werniche's area brocas: responsible for producing fluent speech-frontal lobe werniche's: responsible for understanding meaningful language-temporal lobe | 109 | |
| 8113421514 | Visual Cortex | sees written words | 110 | |
| 8113425033 | Angula-Gyrus | transforms visual info and decodes it into auditory form | 111 | |
| 8113441785 | Whorfian-Sapir Hypothesis | aka. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis -thought process and concepts are created by language | 112 | |
| 8113457736 | Cognitive Universalism | some concepts are universal | 113 | |
| 8113462868 | Bilingual Advantage | are able to think and respond better | 114 |
