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| 7221382234 | earliest known human species | E Africa 2.5 Million years ago | 0 | |
| 7221383800 | how did the earliest humans live | by hunting and gathering | 1 | |
| 7221398837 | homo sapiens sapiens | most advanced humans. migrated from Africa to Middle East to Europe to Asia to Australia to the Americas | 2 | |
| 7222192112 | what did they make tools and weapons out of | stones, sticks, and natural objects. eventually they progressed to stone, bone, and wood | 3 | |
| 7222194387 | agriculture | 10,000 years ago; provided steady food sources (*surplus); people lived ini larger groups; production increased by metalworking | 4 | |
| 7222200587 | early human history year | 2.5 million BCE to 1000 BCE | 5 | |
| 7222201469 | BCE | before our common era | 6 | |
| 7222202208 | first big concept | development of human hunting skills, adaptation of those skills to shifting geography and ice age climate, and human migration patterns | 7 | |
| 7222206022 | second big concept | rise of agriculture and changes in technology | 8 | |
| 7222207257 | third big concept | appearance of increasing distinctive human societies through agriculture and nomadic pastoralism and earlier contacts among early societies when larger and formally organized societies emerged | 9 | |
| 7222214413 | neolithic revolution | 9000 - 4000 BCE | 10 | |
| 7222220292 | hunting shortage | 10,000 years ago. hunters had to find new sources of food. women found out how to plant seeds and harvest grain (agriculture) | 11 | |
| 7222230722 | wheel and metal hand tools | increased acriculture production | 12 | |
| 7222232818 | what effect did agriculture have | birth rates went up, they had a surplus of food, reduced migration, people started working in non-agricultural jobs | 13 | |
| 7222236664 | what effect did surplus have | population went up; larger groups of people lived together to maintain all the land, causing vulnerability to diseases; political structures and cities were created | 14 | |
| 7222243386 | where were the 4 centers of civilization located | along river valleys | 15 | |
| 7222244785 | upper class | rulers, landlords, priests | 16 | |
| 7222245804 | early civilizations had... | monumental buildings for religion, more formal art and culture were standard features | 17 | |
| 7222251296 | slow changes in civilizations were caused by | taking time to invent fundamental new devices, people remained attached to their old ways | 18 | |
| 7222257259 | hunting and gathering required... | low birth rates, because so they limited births | 19 | |
| 7222258961 | speech gene | improves human's capacity to communicate | 20 | |
| 7222260920 | primates | neolithic humans; have opposable thumbs, higher brain capacity, omnivores | 21 | |
| 7222264049 | Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age | 2 million+ years the human species has existed | 22 | |
| 7223634269 | mesolithic (middle stone) age | 12,000 - 8000 BCE; humans fashioned stone tools | 23 | |
| 7223638751 | neolithic (new stone) age | 8000- 5000 BCE; better tool use, more elaborate social organization, and more population pressure led people to many parts of the world | 24 | |
| 7223655542 | bronze age | bronze tools- 4000 BCE iron replaced bronze- 1500 BCE | 25 | |
| 7223657580 | slash and burn agriculture | system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted | 26 | |
| 7223659389 | bands | level of social organization with 20-30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided by gender | 27 | |
| 7223663442 | Çatal Hüyük | 7000 BCE; early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; modern southern turkey; larger population than Jericho; greater degree of social stratification | 28 | |
| 7223669676 | 1st civilizations | Mesopotamia; along the banks of Tigris and Euphrates rivers; developed from scratch | 29 | |
| 7223672996 | mesopotamia | "between the rivers" (Tigris and Euphrates) | 30 | |
| 7223676598 | 2nd civilization | NE Africa (Egypt) | 31 | |
| 7223677202 | 3rd civilization | 2500 BCE; banks of Indus River; NW India | 32 | |
| 7223678518 | 4th and 5th civilizations | China and Central America | 33 | |
| 7223679763 | civilization | derived from Latin term for "city"; societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food, surpluses, and existence of non-farming elites, and merchant and manufacturing groups | 34 | |
| 7223685050 | cuneiform | for of writing developed by Sumerians; 300 symbols | 35 | |
| 7223686473 | barbarian | society lacking in civilization | 36 | |
| 7223687162 | nomads | cattle and sheep herding societies; "barbarians" | 37 | |
| 7223689203 | ziggurats | massive towers associated w Mesopotamian temples; priest operated | 38 | |
| 7223698890 | city-state | political organization in Mesopotamian civilizations consisting of agricultural hinterlands ruled by urban-based king | 39 | |
| 7223701929 | Babylonian empire | unified Mesopotamia 1800 BCE; collapsed due to foreign invasion 1600 BCE | 40 | |
| 7223705445 | Hammurabi | most important ruler of Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law | 41 | |
| 7223707407 | pharaoh | kings in Egypt | 42 | |
| 7223707879 | pyramids | monumental architecture in Egypt; burial sites for pharaohs | 43 | |
| 7223709819 | Kush | African state developed along upper regions of Nile; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries | 44 | |
| 7223717087 | Indus River Valley | river sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappa civilization | 45 | |
| 7223745000 | Harappa | along with Mohenjo Daro, major urban complex of the Harappa civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 46 | |
| 7223752976 | Mohenjo Daro | along with Harappa, major complex of the Harappa civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 47 | |
| 7223756432 | Yellow River | "Huanghe"; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China | 48 | |
| 7223760707 | ideographs | pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 49 | |
| 7223762180 | Shang | 1st Chinese Dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Oraos, bulge of the Huanghe; flourished in 1600-1046 BCE | 50 | |
| 7223765703 | oracle | priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writings | 51 | |
| 7223773192 | Phoenicians | seafaring civilization located on shores of E Mediterranean; established colonies throughout Mediterranean; made a simplified alphabet w 22 letters | 52 | |
| 7223775796 | polytheism | a religion that sees gods in different aspects of nature | 53 | |
| 7223776691 | monotheism | the exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by Jews into Western civilization | 54 |
