Terms : Hide Images
| 5700705883 | operant conditioning | a type of learning based on a behavior followed by a consequence model; "operating" on the environment will be followed by a consequence | 0 | |
| 5700705884 | Thorndike's "Law of Effect" | if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, likely to repeat behavior; if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, likely to stop behavior | 1 | |
| 5700705885 | punishment | (aversive training) used to stop a behavior; in order to be effective, must be sufficiently aversive | 2 | |
| 5700705886 | reinforcement | used to increase behavior | 3 | |
| 5700705887 | shaping | a process in which successive approximations (steps towards a goal) are reinforced | 4 | |
| 5700705888 | chaining | a process in which a sequence of behaviors are shaped | 5 | |
| 5700705889 | behaviorism | (1920-1960) a school of thought where every behavior is linked to experience of consequences | 6 | |
| 5700705890 | tabula rasa | "blank slate" (John Locke); every human is a blank slate at birth, to be influenced and changed by experiences | 7 | |
| 5700705891 | John B. Watson | father of behaviorism | 8 | |
| 5700705892 | B. F. Skinner | behaviorist; believed free will does not exist and that people are the products of the consequences they've experienced | 9 | |
| 5700705893 | acquisition | stage in shaping where behavior is acquired | 10 | |
| 5700705894 | generalization | stage in shaping where the subject believes that all similar behaviors will result in the same consequences | 11 | |
| 5700705895 | discrimination | stage in shaping where the subject recognizes that only one specific behavior will result in consequence | 12 | |
| 5700705896 | extinction | stage in shaping where behavior is deconditioned | 13 | |
| 5700705897 | spontaneous recovery | behavior is immediately reacquired as if by flashback | 14 | |
| 5700705898 | contingency in operant conditioning | if this behavior is done, it will consistently be followed by this consequence (if you do A, then B will consistently follow) | 15 | |
| 5700705899 | immediacy | consequence must follow behavior immediately | 16 | |
| 5700705900 | overjustification effect | offering an extrinsic reward for a behavior an individual is already willing to do can reduce their original intrinsic motivation | 17 | |
| 5700705901 | Premack principle | once you know what is reinforcing for a particular individual, you can use it as a reward for a behavior you wish them to perform | 18 | |
| 5700705902 | positive reinforcement | a desired stimulus is presented | 19 | |
| 5700705903 | positive punishment | an aversive stimulus is presented | 20 | |
| 5700705904 | negative punishment/omission training | a desired stimulus is removed | 21 | |
| 5700705905 | negative reinforcement | an aversive stimulus is removed | 22 | |
| 5700705906 | escape learning | (negative reinforcement) behavior removes an unpleasant experience | 23 | |
| 5700705907 | avoidance learning | (negative reinforcement) behavior exhibited because subject recognizes that an unpleasant experience is about to happen | 24 | |
| 5700705908 | continuous schedule of reinforcement | a consequence occurs every time a behavior is performed (shaping) | 25 | |
| 5700705909 | fixed ratio | a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a set, specific number of times the behavior is performed | 26 | |
| 5700705910 | variable ratio | a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a changing, unpredictable number of times the behavior is performed | 27 | |
| 5700705911 | fixed interval | a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a set, specific amount of passing time | 28 | |
| 5700705912 | variable interval | a partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a changing, unpredictable amount of passing time | 29 | |
| 5700705913 | Chimp-o-mat | an experiment where chimps where shaped to value poker chips that could be used to get food, water, a ride, etc. | 30 | |
| 5700705914 | token economy | an idea where useless things gain value if they can be used to get a reward | 31 | |
| 5700705915 | primary reinforcer | naturally reinforcing things (food, water) | 32 | |
| 5700705916 | secondary reinforcer | subject has to learn to value these (money) | 33 | |
| 5700705917 | learned helplessness | (Martin Seligman) a process in which one tries to do something, continually fails, and then quits trying altogether; if an individual believes that no matter what they do they cannot control outcomes, they will conclude that they are helpless to effect change | 34 | |
| 5700705918 | insight learning | (Wolfgang Kohler) a process in which an organism ruminates on a problem and then has a relatively sudden solution come to mind | 35 | |
| 5700705919 | latent learning | (Edward Tolman) learning that is acquired but is not demonstrated until the subject is reinforced for doing so | 36 | |
| 5700705920 | cognitive map | a mental representation that can be called up if there is an incentive to do so | 37 | |
| 5700705921 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one associates two (or more) stimuli, resulting in a new "stimulus = response" connection | 38 | |
| 5700705922 | unconditioned stimulus | stimulus that causes a natural response | 39 | |
| 5700705923 | unconditioned response | instinctual reaction | 40 | |
| 5700705924 | conditioned stimulus | stimulus associated with UCS | 41 | |
| 5700705925 | conditioned response | learned reaction | 42 | |
| 5700705926 | Pavlov | physiologist studying digestion and salivation in dogs; dogs began salivating before getting food | 43 | |
| 5700705927 | Watson | studied phobias; conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats | 44 | |
| 5700705928 | contingency in classical conditioning | the conditioned stimulus must reliably predict the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus | 45 | |
| 5700705929 | Robert Rescorla | believed that there is a thought component (cognitive) to conditioning | 46 | |
| 5700705930 | aversive conditioning | the use of antabuse to induce nausea with alcohol to help rid people of alcoholism | 47 | |
| 5700705931 | taste aversion | (John Garcia) associating sickness with food after one pairing; immediacy is not necessary | 48 | |
| 5700705932 | second order conditioning | linking a new CS to the original CS (weaker connection) | 49 | |
| 5700705933 | blocking | the learning of a new CS can be blocked by the first CS | 50 | |
| 5700705934 | observational/social learning | a type of learning in which the subject imitates the behavior of a model | 51 | |
| 5700705935 | Albert Bandura | studied aggression in children; in "Bobo" doll study, children would exhibit aggressive behavior towards a doll after seeing adults doing it | 52 | |
| 5700705936 | self-efficacy | one knows they can successfully/safely control the outcome of a behavior | 53 | |
| 5700705937 | pro-social behavior | helping acts | 54 | |
| 5700705938 | positive transfer of learning | learning one thing will help you learn another | 55 | |
| 5700705939 | negative transfer of learning | learning one thing impedes learning of another | 56 | |
| 5700705940 | instinctual drift | when in doubt, animals revert to behaviors that come naturally; their innate tendencies may interfere with their conditioning | 57 |
