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| 6355123544 | halobacterium | Prokaryotes that thrive in salinities that dehydrate and kill other cells - pump potassium ions into the cells until the ionic concentration inside matches the concentration outside | 0 | |
| 6355198729 | they are able to adapt to a broad range of habitats | Why are prokayotes some of the most abundant organisms on earth? | 1 | |
| 6355204843 | 0.5-5 micrometers | How large is the diameter of the typical prokayote? | 2 | |
| 6355249685 | cell wall | This maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment in prokaryotes | 3 | |
| 6355276648 | cocci | Single spherical prokaryotes | 4 | |
| 6355278514 | diplococci | Pairs of spherical prokaryotes | 5 | |
| 6355280747 | streptococci | Chains of spherical prokaryotes | 6 | |
| 6355283624 | staphylococci | Clusters of spherical prokaryotes | 7 | |
| 6355288179 | bacilli | Rod-shaped prokaryotes (the single version is most common) | 8 | |
| 6355291245 | streptobacilli | Chains of rod-shaped prokaryotes | 9 | |
| 6355295845 | spirilla | Spiral prokaryotes that range from comma-like shapes to loose coils |  | 10 |
| 6355300417 | spirochetes | Spiral prokaryotes that are corkscrew-shaped |  | 11 |
| 6355306474 | it causes prokaryotes to lose water (and thus inhibits cell reproduction) | Why can salt be used to preserve foods? | 12 | |
| 6355314905 | peptidoglycan | A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides - found in bacterial cell walls | 13 | |
| 6355322115 | gram stain | A technique where scientists can classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition (stain, rinse, and stain determines staining response) | 14 | |
| 6355325217 | gram-positive bacteria | Bacteria that had simpler walls with relatively large amounts of peptidoglycan - traps crystal violet | 15 | |
| 6355327094 | gram-negative bacteria | Bacteria that have less peptidoglycan located between the outer membrane and plasma membrane and are structurally more complex - easily rise out crystal violet | 16 | |
| 6355350742 | gram-negative (lipids in outer layer) | Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more likely to be toxic? | 17 | |
| 6355356340 | gram-negative | Which type of bacteria, gram-positive or gram-negative, are more resistant to antibiotics? | 18 | |
| 6355375602 | capsule | A dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes | 19 | |
| 6355377183 | slime layer | Poorly organized layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes | 20 | |
| 6355384829 | to protect against dehydration or the host's immune system | What is the purpose of a capsule/slime layer? | 21 | |
| 6355396894 | fimbriae | Hairlike appendages that some prokaryotes use to stick to their substrate or one another | 22 | |
| 6355413860 | pili | Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other | 23 | |
| 6355425198 | taxis | A directed movement toward or away from a stimulus | 24 | |
| 6355428926 | chemotaxis | Prokaryotes that change their movement pattern in response to chemicals | 25 | |
| 6355440153 | flagella | What probably evolved independently in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? (because of different proteins and rotational mechanisms) | 26 | |
| 6355447387 | motor, hook, and filament | What are the three main parts of the bacterial flagellum? | 27 | |
| 6355482699 | exaptation | A process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification | 28 | |
| 6355487434 | a circular chromosome with fewer proteins | What is the typical genome of a prokaryote? | 29 | |
| 6355495833 | nucleoid | A region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs where the chromosome is located in prokaryotes | 30 | |
| 6355500284 | plasmids | Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that usually only carry a few genes | 31 | |
| 6355511331 | binary fission | Reproduction where a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells, which then divide more - many prokaryotes can divide every 1-3 hours | 32 | |
| 6355520199 | they are small, they reproduce by binary fission, and they have short generation times | What are three key features involved with reproduction in prokaryotes? | 33 | |
| 6355619922 | endospores | Cells that lack an essential nutrient produce these - it is a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells (very tough) | 34 | |
| 6355642394 | not in an evolutionary sense | Are prokaryotes inferior to humans? | 35 | |
| 6355658405 | they reproduce so fast that even though new mutations are rare, they occur pretty often | Why is there so much genetic variation when prokaryotes reproduce asexually? | 36 | |
| 6355686195 | genetic recombination | The combining of DNA from two sources | 37 | |
| 6355691708 | horizontal gene transfer | The movement of genes from one organism to another when individuals are members of different species | 38 | |
| 6355714726 | transformation | A process in which the genotype and possibly phenotype are altered by the uptake of foregin DNA | 39 | |
| 6355731417 | recombinant | A cell that contains DNA derived from two different cells | 40 | |
| 6355738530 | transduction | A process in which bacteriophages carry procaryotic genes from one host cell to another | 41 | |
| 6355760080 | conjugation | A process where DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined - always one way | 42 | |
| 6355764446 | F factor | A piece of DNA that controls a bacteria's ability to form pili and donate DNA during conjugation (could be a plasmid or within chromosome) | 43 | |
| 6355771110 | F plasmid | The F factor in its plasmid form | 44 | |
| 6355774196 | F+ cells | What are cells that have the F factor and function as DNA donors during conjugation called? | 45 | |
| 6355778746 | Hfr cell | A cell with the F factor built into its chromosome | 46 | |
| 6355804215 | R plasmids | Plasmids that carry resistance genes (resist antibiotics) | 47 | |
| 6355818415 | phototrophs | Organisms that obtain energy from light | 48 | |
| 6355820417 | chemotrophs | Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals | 49 | |
| 6355823989 | autotrophs | Organisms that need only CO2 in some form as a carbon source | 50 | |
| 6355828689 | heterotrophs | Organisms that need at least one organic nutrient | 51 | |
| 6355833193 | obligate aerobes | Prokaryotes that need O2 for cellular respiration | 52 | |
| 6355847918 | obligate anaerobes | Prokaryotes that are poisoned by O2 | 53 | |
| 6355853281 | anaerobic respiration | A process in which substances other than O2, such as nitrate ions or sulfate ions accept electrons at the "downhill" end of the electron transport chain and extract chemical energy | 54 | |
| 6355864081 | facultative anaerobes | Prokaryotes that us O2 if it is present but also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed | 55 | |
| 6355873714 | nitrogen fixation | A process where atmosphereic nitrogen is converted to ammonia | 56 | |
| 6355883320 | heterocysts | A few speciailized cells in a filament that carry out nitrogen fixation | 57 | |
| 6355887194 | biofilms | Surface-coating colonies of different prokaryotic species - allow nutrients to reach cells in the interior and wastes to be expelled | 58 | |
| 6355924322 | extremophiles | Archaea that live in environments so extreme that few other organisms can survive there | 59 | |
| 6355926452 | extreme halophiles | Extremophiles that live in highly saline environments | 60 | |
| 6355929257 | extreme thermophiles | Extremophiles that thrive in very hot environments | 61 | |
| 6355933253 | DNA does not remain in a double helix and proteins denature | Why do the cells of most organisms die at hot temperatures? | 62 | |
| 6355942764 | methanogens | Archaea that release methane as a byproduct of their unique ways of obtaining energy | 63 | |
| 6355946342 | energy and methane waste | What is released when methanogens use CO2 to oxidize H2? | 64 | |
| 6355985897 | proteobacteria | Diverse group of gram-negative bacteria that includes 5 subgroups | 65 | |
| 6355991276 | alpha proteobacteria | A subgroup of proteobacteria that includes bacteria that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts | 66 | |
| 6355999335 | beta proteobacteria | A subgroup of proteobacteria that is nutrionally diverse and contains soil bacteria | 67 | |
| 6356007958 | epsilon proteobacteria | A subgroup of proteobacteria that is mostly pathogenic to humans and other animals | 68 | |
| 6356013837 | chlamydias | Parasites that can only survive within animal cells, are gram-negative, and cause a lot of common diseases | 69 | |
| 6356019656 | cyanobacteria | Photoautotrophs with plantlike, oxygen-generating photosynthesis | 70 | |
| 6356036009 | decomposers | Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes that break down dead organisms as well as waste products | 71 | |
| 6356046257 | symbiosis | An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contant with each other | 72 | |
| 6356051131 | mutualism | An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit | 73 | |
| 6356054468 | commensalism | An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way | 74 | |
| 6356061836 | parasitism | An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its hosts (harm but usually don't kill) | 75 | |
| 6356064781 | pathogens | Parasites that cause disease | 76 | |
| 6356078577 | exotoxins | Poisionous proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms | 77 | |
| 6356089836 | endotoxins | Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that are released only when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down | 78 | |
| 6356102934 | bioremediation | The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil, air, or water | 79 |
