Terms : Hide Images
| 9210242647 | Toussaint L'ouverture | (1743-1803); Leader of slave rebellion on the french island of St. Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804. |  | 0 |
| 9210272166 | Father Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed. |  | 1 |
| 9210277526 | Agustin de Iturbide | (1783-1824); Conservative Creole officer I'm Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. |  | 2 |
| 9210277527 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia. |  | 3 |
| 9210280097 | Gran Columbia | Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations. |  | 4 |
| 9210280098 | José de San Martin | (1778-1850); A leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America. Born in Argentina, he served in the Spanish army but joined in the movement for independence; led the revolutionary army that crossed the Andes and helped to liberate Chile in 1817-1818, and with Simon Bolívar, Peru. For political reasons, he went into exile in Europe in 1823. |  | 5 |
| 9210301592 | João VI | Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808-1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro. |  | 6 |
| 9210325836 | Pedro I | (1798-1834); Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil. |  | 7 |
| 9210325837 | Andrés Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established until of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829-1839. |  | 8 |
| 9210333015 | Caudillos | Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America. |  | 9 |
| 9210335893 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives. |  | 10 |
| 9210335894 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals. |  | 11 |
| 9210338771 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. |  | 12 |
| 9210341844 | General Antonio López de Santa Anna | Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by U.S. in Mexican-American war in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854. | | 13 |
| 9210350936 | Monroe Doctrine | American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the U.S.; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin trade. |  | 14 |
| 9210353800 | Guano | Bird or bat droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery. |  | 15 |
| 9210353801 | Positivism | French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence. |  | 16 |
| 9210358043 | Auguste Comte | French philosopher; founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society. |  | 17 |
| 9210358044 | Manifest Destiny | Belief of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican-American War. |  | 18 |
| 9210361557 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | Agreement that ended the Mexican-American war; provides for loss of Texas and California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America. |  | 19 |
| 9210363941 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846-1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about ½ of Mexico's National territory to the United States. |  | 20 |
| 9210363942 | Benito Juãrez | (1806-1872); Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872. |  | 21 |
| 9210367971 | La Reforma | The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna. |  | 22 |
| 9210384117 | Maximilian Von Habsburg | Proclaimed emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867. |  | 23 |
| 9210384118 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralized and federalists. |  | 24 |
| 9210389538 | Domingo F. Sarmiento | (1811-1888); Liberal politician and president of argentine republic from 1868-1874; author of Facundo, a critique of Caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation. |  | 25 |
| 9210389539 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840-1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil. |  | 26 |
| 9210393417 | Científicos | Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of modernization. | 27 | |
| 9210401467 | Spanish-American War | War fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. |  | 28 |
| 9210405968 | Panama Canal | An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914. |  | 29 |
