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9864621346Waldo R. Toblerfirst law of geography0
9864630352first law of geographyan informal statement that "All things are related, but near things are more related than far things"1
9864639168Ellsworth Huntingtonenvironmental determinism2
9864648939environmental determinismclimate and terrain were a major determinant of civilization, lead to greater human efficiency and better standards of living3
9864661304vidal de la blachepossibilism4
9864782533possibilismhumans have a wide range of potential actions within an environment, respond based on their value systems, attitudes and culture attributes5
9864800878jared diamondgeographic luck; guns, germs and steel6
9864815941carl sauercultural geography; fierce critic of environmental determinism, ideas supported cultural ecology. uses transportation advances as key to development of urban areas7
9864878759alfred wegenercontinental drift8
9864882330donald janelletime space convergence9
9879917794time space convergenceprocess made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (or sen messages) between them10
9880018689donald meiningcore, domai, sphere11
9880022301coreclear distinctive attributes (of/defining the region)12
9880031918domaindominant but not exclusive attributes (of/defining the region)13
9880046812sphereattributes (of/defining the region) are present but not dominant14
9880065208david harveyspace-time compression15
9880079178space-time compressionmore efficient production has opened new markets and brought places closer16
9880101022warren thompsondemographic transition model17
9880112591stage 1BR - DR are high18
9880115498stage 2BR high - DR drops19
9880118740stage 3BR drops20
9880130259stage 4BR - DR are low21
9880130260stage 5narrowing base22
9880136522Thomas Malthusmalthusian theory/ net-malthusians23
9880144232malthusian theorypopulation growth relating to food supply24
9880172112Esther boserupQaya's Theory25
9880213975Qaya's theorypopulation change drives the intensity of agricultural production. Her position countered the Malthusian theory that agricultural methods determine population via limits on food supply.26
9880238404John Snowmapped cholera deaths and location of water27
9880247711outbreakspread of disease in a short time in a limited area28
9880251318epidemicspread over a larger region like a city, country29
9880256099pandemicspread rapidly around entire world30
9880265841Ruth Leger Sivardwomen/men gap widens with economic progress, Men are first to try unhealthy habits of progress, women will catch up and lower their life expectancy31
9880284527Ernst RavensteinLaws of Migration32
9895159280laws of migrationnet migration amounts to a fraction of the gross migration, majority move short distance, longer distances=big cities, urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas, families less likely to move internationally33
9895189362henry careygravity model34
9895236630gravity modelspatial interaction between places is directly related to population size and inversely related to distance, larger cities have greater draw power35
9895246211distance decayeffect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions36
9895285658Torsten HagerstrandSpace Time Prism37
9895302433space time prismpossible places a person could travel in certain time period38
9895305038everett leeincentives and barriers of migration39
9895311256push and pullincentives to migrate40
9895318635barriers of migrationphysical, economic, cultural, political41
9895321336carl sauercultural landscape42
9895329611cultural landscapehuman activity superimposes itself on physical landscape, each cultural group leaves imprints43
9895377427joel garreaunine nations of north america44
9895382633nine nations of north americadistinctive economic and cultural features45
9895411717Rogermodel for adoption and diffusion of innovations46
9895467551clifford geetzinterpretation of culture47
9895470575interpretation of cultureculture is learned, how culture creates different patterns and landscapes48
9895482569M. J. Herskovitscultural relativism49
9895490279cultural relativismprinciple that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture50
9895519160E. damson hoebelculture is learned behavior51
9895535141aharon Dogopolskynostratic language52
9895539095nostratic languagefamily is proto,where modern day Russian comes from53
9895548390william jonesbackward re-construction of language54
9895557216backward re-construction of languagestudying an extinct language using a modern day language55
9908951199marija Gimbutaskurgan hypothesis56
9908964303kurgan hypothesisstates the photo-indo-european language diffused from modern day Ukraine through conquest57
9909007926colin renfrewanatolian hypothesis58
9909011434anatolian hypothesisstates the p-i-e language spread through innovation of agriculture rather than peacefully with anatolia as the hearth59
9909069221territorial morphologystate's physical shape60
9909071511compact statedistance from geographic center of area to any point on the boundary does not vary greatly61
9909083623elongated statestate that is geographically long and narrow62
9909087124enclavea state that is totally surrounded by another state63
9909099124exclavesmall portion of land that is separated by land from the main state64
9909114774fragmented statea state that is split into many pieces, separated by land or water65
9909124814perforated statestate whose territory completely surrounds that of another state66
9909132244prorupt (protruded) statestate having portion of territory that is an elongated extension leading away from the main body of the state67
9909147066richard hartshorneevolution of boundaries68
9909149303types of boundariesantecedent, superimposed, subsequent, relict69
9909172180alfred mahansea power theory70
9909174728sea power theoryinfluence and importance of sea power, lead to global military domination71
9909181828friedrich Ratzelorganic theory of nations72
9909186212organic theory of nationsnations act like living organisms, must grow and will eventually decline73
9909196133halford mackinderheartland theory74
9909196134heartland theoryexplains why NATO and WARSAW pact existed control of eastern europe75
9909203069nicolas spykmanrimland theory76
9920305569rimsland theorywestern eruope, middle east and asia, who controls this rules erasia, and then the world77
9920319080J. H. von Thünenagricultural theory (concentric zones)78
9920324878isolated statelocation as primarily a factor of transportation cost and profit maximization by farmers through his model79
9920340925norman borlauggreen revolution80
9920340927green revolutionvarieties of high-yielding seeds combined with modern agricultural production techniques81
9920348021judith carneystudied changing agriculture practices in gambia, agriculture changed so did the culture (especially women's roles)82
9920353908walter christallercentral place theory, spatial distribution of hamlets, villages, towns, and cities83
9920361944central place theoryexplain spatial distribution of human settlements, urban hierarchy, range, threshold, low order good, high order good84
9920374001rangeaverage maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services85
9920378769thresholdminimum market needed to bring a firm or city selling goods and services into existence and to keep it in business86
9920383337alfred weberleast cost theory87
9920398892least cost theoryowners of manufacturing plants seek to minimize three costs: transportation, labor, and agglomeration88
9920408074weight-losing casefirms locate closer to the raw material to reduce costs89
9920410698weight-gaining casefirms locate closer to the market90
9920414213august loschagglomeration/spatial influence, zone of profitability91
9920420213agglomeration/spatial influencemanufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit92
9920428546perroux and boudevillegrowth poles93
9920428547growth polesdistricts that are expanding faster than surrounding areas94
9920433334clarkindustrial sectors95
9920438606industrial sector- primaryextractive96
9920440888industrial sector-secondaryfactories and industry97
9920442685industrial sector-tertiaryservices98
9920444033industrial sector-quaternaryan activity that engages in the collection, processing, and manipulation of information99
9920446851industrial sector-quinaryan activity that involves a managerial or control-funtiction associated with decision-making in large corporations or high gov't officials100
9920455631harold hotellinglocational interdependence101
9920460569locational interdependencelocation of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind102
9920464814immanuel wallerstienworld systems theory103
9920468589world systems theoryproposed a three-tier structure to a one world economic and political structure104
9920474958world systems theory- coredominates other countries105
9920476937world systems theory- semi-peripheryas the countries which are dominated while at the same time dominating others106
9920481409world systems theory- peripherydominated since they are often dependent on the more powerful countries107
9920484993walter rostowmodernization model108
9920489565modernization modelliberal model that postulates that ecumenic modernization occurs in five basic stages: 1. traditional society 2. precondition for takeoff 3. takeoff 4. drive to maturity 5. age of mass consumption based on UK109
9920500444benjamin friedmanstages of economic growth110
9920507465stages of economic growthtransitional, industrial, post-industrial.... end result an interdependent system with no periphery111
9920514195gunnar myrdalcumulative causation112
9920519639cumulative causationeconomic forces increase regional inequalities 1. traditional (preindustrial) 2. increased disparities caused by multiplier and backwash effects 3. reduced inequality due to spread effects113
9920532388willy brandtbrandt report114
9920542371north-south divedsocio-economic and political division that exists between the wealthy developed countries, known collectively as the "north" and the poorer developing countries or the "south"115
9920562482roster's 5 stagesprogressive stages of economic growth and structural change, trickle down economies116
9920570080structuralist model (neocolonialism)human welfare, core-periphery model117
9920573206intentional tradefree market and transition economies118
9920582162gideon sjobergcities are products of their societies, 4 stages119
9920587560william alonsobid rent theory120
9920589811bid rent theoryexplains how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases CBD, high-volume retail, factories, warehouses, residential121
9920602445ernest burgessconcentric zone model122
9920614862concentric zone modelstructural model of the american central city based on chicago in the 1920s. zones: 1.CBD 2. transition zone of mixed residential, factory and commercial use 3. low class (inner city) 4. better quality middle-class 5.upper class123
9920632817homer hoytsector model124
9920636159sector mdoelwedge shaped sectors, not rings, emanate from CBD along major transportation routes125
9920641745transportation routes importantfactores/industry zone radiate out form the CBD, following line of main road/railway126
9920648407chancy harrismultiple nuclei model127
9920654458multiple nuclei modelbased on ideas the people have greater movement due to increase car ownership, increase of movement reduced the primacy of the CBD and allowed for the specialization of regional centers, modern cities develop with many nodes (cities within cities)128
9920664318james vanceurban realms model of a city129
9920667984urban realms model of a cityparts of giant conurbations; self-sufficient suburban sectors130
9920671504garreauedge cities131
9920673051edge city rules1. more than 5 M square feet of office space 2. ober 600,000 square feet of retail space 3. more jobs than homes 4. known as single end destination (has it all) 5. area must not have been like a "city" 30 years ago132
9944907653C. D. Harrisperipheral model- edge city133
9944921558peripheral model- edge citysimilar to edge cities/urban realms, connected by transportation route134
9944927142griffin-fordmodel of latin american city135
9944934085model of latin american cityupper class/commercial spine market in the center of town with a mall, squatter settlements on periphery136
9944945037T. G. mcgeegeneralized model of land use areas in the large southeast asian city137
9944958503southeast asian cities-land useold colonial port cities surrounded by a new commercial district with no formal CBD138
9944963444peter mannUK city model139
9945024132Haram DeBlijmodel of subsaharan african city140
9945031949edward ullmanullman's conceptual frame141
9945040441ullman's conceputal framproposed that trade was an interaction based on 3 phenomena: complementarity, intervening opportunities, and transferability of commodities142
9945051948mark jeffersonlaw of primate city143
9945055968law of primate cityevery country has a primate city144
9945064613primate citya city that dominated in economics, social factors, and politics145
9945072523rank size rule2nd largest city is 1/2 size of primate city, 3rd largest city is 1/3 size of primate city and so on.146

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